Constantinople is on two continents. Both Asian and European cultures were intertwined which set an ideal location. Constantinople had an advantage of choosing which way they want to go- develeopment, trade, etc.
The Byzantine Empire
Responsible for controlling Balkan peninsula, northern Middle East, Mediterranean Coast, North Africa
Official language was Greek
Began in the 4th century when the capital Constantinople was set up
Repelled invaders, for example the Huns
Mainly Orthodox
The East was more advanced than the west in economics and techonoligies
New civilizations based their ideas off of the Greco-Roman past
The achievements of Justinian
Justinian tried to reconquer western territory to restore an empire like Rome
The Byzantine Empire was shaped by the decline of the Roman Empire
Influenced by his wife Theodora who was also hungry for power
Theodora helped push Justinian in the plans for expansion
Rebuilt Constantinople, systematized the Roman legal code jurisprudence = laws/wisdom
Extended Roman architecture with domes
New structure called the Hagia Sophia, a huge new church
First time anyone had been able to build a dome of the church's size- engineering achievment as well
Unified law reduced confusion and organized the empire- paralleled state's bureaucrazy
With the help of Belisarius, a genius general in the military, they captured parts of north Africa and Italy
Justinian created a new line of defense- pushed Persian forces back, lost some Middle Eastern territory
Raveena key artistic center famousfor its mosaics
Summary of Document 3: Two kinds of obligations exist. Civil obligations are constituted by laws while practorian obligations are practiced by his own authority. Also, two kinds of actiones exist. Conditio and actio ex stipulatu. Acts may be the subject of a stipulato and used to give a penalty if something isn't done. If a product is agreed upon, only then can a person sell it for a price.
Document 1:
Main Points- private law, law of persons.
Ex: don't support incest, support slavery, every man is free, etc.
Document 2:
Main Points-let slaves go, public places helped trade, "finders keepers" idea exists, if you're a slave and you escape then you're free, organized trading
Natural laws- not strictly implied to humans, ideas and things that naturally happen, how things interact
Civil laws- Laws that exist within each specific country follow and establish
Common laws- laws that are common throughout all countries instead of just one specific country- laws everywhere
Byzantine society
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
E
· Government had to enforce taxes because of war · The biggest network/center of trade was the capital Constantinople · Traded with India, Arabs, east Asia, western Europe and Africa and Russia and Scandenavia
S
· Bureaucrats could rise from any type of social class · Merchants did not have much political power · Peasant class was responsible for supplying goods · Peasants had to provide tax revenues · Greek was the overall language of Constantinople and the empire as a whole The Troops were rewarded with grants of land for their military service Slavics and Armenian Christians were recruited this way
P
· Justinian was the Byzantine emperor from 527-565 C.E. and desired to recapture the Roman Empire’s territory · The emperor could pass new religious laws and appointed church bishops Similar political system to that of China Emperor was head of state and church Women could assume political positions; when Justinian died Empress Theodora and Zoe took control of the throne
I
· A general Belisaurus helped to spread the empire land to Northern Africa and Italy · Persian forces attacked northern Middle East · Slavic groups moved in Balkans · Once threatened by the Arab Muslims- lost territory but recaptured Constantinople in 717-718 C.E. · Crete island was captured to be used for trade · Bulgaria (the Slavic Kingdom) pressed Byzantine territory Arab threat was never fully removed
R
· The western part of the empire was Roman Catholic · The eastern part of the empire was Orthodox · Most significant Christian wonder of the world was the church Hagia Sophia · Orthodox priests in the eastern part of the empire were allowed to marry
I
· Temporary capital named Ravenna · Ravenna was an art city (famous for it) · Traditions of Hellenism were practiced
T
· The construction of the Hagia Sophia was significant · Weapon to blow up Arab ships was the Greek Fire
1. Who were Cyril and Methodius? What did they accomplish?
- Cyril and Methodius were missionaries that were sent to the territory (present day Czech and Slovak republics) in 864. The venture to convert people to their version of Christianity failed. However, they continued in the Balks and in southern Russia. They had the ability to speak the Slavic language which positively effected their efforts. 2. How did events in the Middle East affect the demographics of the East Central borderlands?
-A stretch of eastern Europe north of the Balkans was organized in a series of regional monarchies. They were loosely governed with a powerful, landowning aristocrats. Because of the events that were taking place in the Middle East, there was an influx of Jews migrating to Europe 3. Outline the development of the Kievan Rus
-Russia shared features with northeast Europe before 15th century
-Slavic people moved into Russia and eastern Europe from Asia during the Roman empire
^they incorporated earlier inhabitants and invades like the Bulgarians who adoped Slavic language & customs
-The Slavs used iron and extended agriculture as well as an animist religion with gods for the sun, thunder, wind, and fire
-6th and 7th centuries Trades from Scandinavia worked through Slavic lands->traders were able to reach the Byzantine Empire= trade developed between Constantinople and Scandinavia
-Scandinavian traders set up governments along their trade route in the city of Kiev -Monarchy emerged; first prince of Kievan Rus' was in about 855 C.E.
-Loosely organized through alliances with regional aristocrats, yet it thrived until the 12th century
-Russia = Greek word for red, the hair color of Norse traders
-Prince Vladimir I, a Ruik descendent who ruled from 980 to 1015, took a step of converting to Christianity
-Organized baptisms, church leaders imported Byzantium
-The king controlled major appointments and a church Russian Orthodox developed
-Largest single state in Europe that was Christian
-Formal law code that reduced severity of punishments, replaced vendettas with state run courtes
-Last Kievan prince named Yaroslav issued legal codification while building churches and arranging translation of religious literature from Greek to Slavic 4. What important decision was made by Vladimir I? -Vladimir I's important decision was taking the step of converting him and his people to Christianity. 5. What were some of the major similarities and differences between Byzantium and the Kievan Rus? -Kievan Rus' borrowed a lot from the Byzantium, but could not replicate their bureaucracy or education system. Both developed a new church, The Byzantines' Hagia Sophia and the Kievan Rus' Russian Orthodox. Byzantine military affected eastern Europe with trading which therefore led to the establishment of the Kievan Rus'. Both were religious. The Eastern part of the Byzantine was Orthodox and Russian Orthodox. The king controlled major appointments and they both issued a formal law code. Byzantium had bureaucrazy and elaborate education system while Kievan Rus' were scared of God's wrath. Worshop of iconic paintings (similarity) 6. What factors led to the decline of the Kievan Rus? -Rival princes set up regional governments and the royal family fought over the succession of the throne. Invaders from Asia moved in. With the decline of Byzantium, trade and wealth was reduced. Two invasions by Mongols from central Asia in 1237-1238 and 1240-1241 led to the final blow. The Tatars (invaders) were despised and faered. Russia remainded under control of the Tatars.
Read and summarize the main points of "Eastern and Western Europe: The Problem of Boundaries" p.208
- A number of states sat on the borders of two civilizations and contained characterisitics from both. Political disputes and nationalist attachments make territorial definitions an emotional issue. Eastern and Western Europe in the postclassical period divide well according to Orthodox is a civilization is defined by its culture. Poland, the Czech areas and Baltic states are western. Slavs are mainly but not all Orthodox,, a regional division that can be the facotr that starts violence. Poland other Catholic regions maintain active ties with western Europe than Russia has. Politics are more complicated than religious. Trade patterns also do not unite Poland Hungary with western Europe. THey differ too much in economic structure. East central Europe has been a victim of conquests but had periods that were sparked with indepence.
30 Word Summary of Chapter:
The Byzantine Empire was established in the 5th century when the capital of Constantinople was set up. Emperor Justinian sought to restore the Roman Empire. Eastern Europe took a different path than the West. It was Christian and orthodox. The two were dependent of one another.
Constantinople is on two continents. Both Asian and European cultures were intertwined which set an ideal location. Constantinople had an advantage of choosing which way they want to go- develeopment, trade, etc.
The Byzantine Empire
The achievements of Justinian
Summary of Document 3:
Two kinds of obligations exist. Civil obligations are constituted by laws while practorian obligations are practiced by his own authority. Also, two kinds of actiones exist. Conditio and actio ex stipulatu. Acts may be the subject of a stipulato and used to give a penalty if something isn't done. If a product is agreed upon, only then can a person sell it for a price.
Document 1:
Main Points- private law, law of persons.
Ex: don't support incest, support slavery, every man is free, etc.
Document 2:
Main Points-let slaves go, public places helped trade, "finders keepers" idea exists, if you're a slave and you escape then you're free, organized trading
Natural laws- not strictly implied to humans, ideas and things that naturally happen, how things interact
Civil laws- Laws that exist within each specific country follow and establish
Common laws- laws that are common throughout all countries instead of just one specific country- laws everywhere
Byzantine society
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
· The biggest network/center of trade was the capital Constantinople
· Traded with India, Arabs, east Asia, western Europe and Africa and Russia and Scandenavia
· Merchants did not have much political power
· Peasant class was responsible for supplying goods
· Peasants had to provide tax revenues
· Greek was the overall language of Constantinople and the empire as a whole
The Troops were rewarded with grants of land for their military service
Slavics and Armenian Christians were recruited this way
· The emperor could pass new religious laws and appointed church bishops
Similar political system to that of China
Emperor was head of state and church
Women could assume political positions; when Justinian died Empress Theodora and Zoe took control of the throne
· Persian forces attacked northern Middle East
· Slavic groups moved in Balkans
· Once threatened by the Arab Muslims- lost territory but recaptured Constantinople in 717-718 C.E.
· Crete island was captured to be used for trade
· Bulgaria (the Slavic Kingdom) pressed Byzantine territory
Arab threat was never fully removed
· The eastern part of the empire was Orthodox
· Most significant Christian wonder of the world was the church Hagia Sophia
· Orthodox priests in the eastern part of the empire were allowed to marry
· Ravenna was an art city (famous for it)
· Traditions of Hellenism were practiced
· Weapon to blow up Arab ships was the Greek Fire
1. Who were Cyril and Methodius? What did they accomplish?
- Cyril and Methodius were missionaries that were sent to the territory (present day Czech and Slovak republics) in 864. The venture to convert people to their version of Christianity failed. However, they continued in the Balks and in southern Russia. They had the ability to speak the Slavic language which positively effected their efforts.
2. How did events in the Middle East affect the demographics of the East Central borderlands?
-A stretch of eastern Europe north of the Balkans was organized in a series of regional monarchies. They were loosely governed with a powerful, landowning aristocrats. Because of the events that were taking place in the Middle East, there was an influx of Jews migrating to Europe
3. Outline the development of the Kievan Rus
-Russia shared features with northeast Europe before 15th century
-Slavic people moved into Russia and eastern Europe from Asia during the Roman empire
^they incorporated earlier inhabitants and invades like the Bulgarians who adoped Slavic language & customs
-The Slavs used iron and extended agriculture as well as an animist religion with gods for the sun, thunder, wind, and fire
-6th and 7th centuries Trades from Scandinavia worked through Slavic lands->traders were able to reach the Byzantine Empire= trade developed between Constantinople and Scandinavia
-Scandinavian traders set up governments along their trade route in the city of Kiev
-Monarchy emerged; first prince of Kievan Rus' was in about 855 C.E.
-Loosely organized through alliances with regional aristocrats, yet it thrived until the 12th century
-Russia = Greek word for red, the hair color of Norse traders
-Prince Vladimir I, a Ruik descendent who ruled from 980 to 1015, took a step of converting to Christianity
-Organized baptisms, church leaders imported Byzantium
-The king controlled major appointments and a church Russian Orthodox developed
-Largest single state in Europe that was Christian
-Formal law code that reduced severity of punishments, replaced vendettas with state run courtes
-Last Kievan prince named Yaroslav issued legal codification while building churches and arranging translation of religious literature from Greek to Slavic
4. What important decision was made by Vladimir I?
-Vladimir I's important decision was taking the step of converting him and his people to Christianity.
5. What were some of the major similarities and differences between Byzantium and the Kievan Rus?
-Kievan Rus' borrowed a lot from the Byzantium, but could not replicate their bureaucracy or education system. Both developed a new church, The Byzantines' Hagia Sophia and the Kievan Rus' Russian Orthodox. Byzantine military affected eastern Europe with trading which therefore led to the establishment of the Kievan Rus'. Both were religious. The Eastern part of the Byzantine was Orthodox and Russian Orthodox. The king controlled major appointments and they both issued a formal law code. Byzantium had bureaucrazy and elaborate education system while Kievan Rus' were scared of God's wrath. Worshop of iconic paintings (similarity)
6. What factors led to the decline of the Kievan Rus?
-Rival princes set up regional governments and the royal family fought over the succession of the throne. Invaders from Asia moved in. With the decline of Byzantium, trade and wealth was reduced. Two invasions by Mongols from central Asia in 1237-1238 and 1240-1241 led to the final blow. The Tatars (invaders) were despised and faered. Russia remainded under control of the Tatars.
Read and summarize the main points of "Eastern and Western Europe: The Problem of Boundaries" p.208
- A number of states sat on the borders of two civilizations and contained characterisitics from both. Political disputes and nationalist attachments make territorial definitions an emotional issue. Eastern and Western Europe in the postclassical period divide well according to Orthodox is a civilization is defined by its culture. Poland, the Czech areas and Baltic states are western. Slavs are mainly but not all Orthodox,, a regional division that can be the facotr that starts violence. Poland other Catholic regions maintain active ties with western Europe than Russia has. Politics are more complicated than religious. Trade patterns also do not unite Poland Hungary with western Europe. THey differ too much in economic structure. East central Europe has been a victim of conquests but had periods that were sparked with indepence.
30 Word Summary of Chapter:
The Byzantine Empire was established in the 5th century when the capital of Constantinople was set up. Emperor Justinian sought to restore the Roman Empire. Eastern Europe took a different path than the West. It was Christian and orthodox. The two were dependent of one another.