The Early Modern Period, 1450-1750: The World Shrinks
World Map Trade Routes 1750
The World Map Changes
over 1450-1750 new empires came into play and replaced smaller politlca units of the postclassical period
^European countries developed, as well as empires in Asia and eastern EUrope- also Russian and Ottoman empires; Mughal Empire ruled Indian subcontinent
Big change: trade routes- 1450 international trade was focused on Asia, Africa, and Europe via Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
By 1750 routes across the Pacific and Atlantic were significant
Triggers for Change
Revival of empire building- example: Ottoman Turks who conquered Constantinople (capital of Byzantine empire) THey extended their rule over Byzantine territories, put Muslim power in charge
Worried CHristian leaders turned to diffeernt activities to compensate for loss of influence and territory because of the Muslim focus
1450- progression of explorations by Europeans- motivated by desire to find ways to trade with east Asia
New Military techonolgies- vital role defining new framework between 1450-1750
^ Chinese and Arabs introduced compasses and navigational devices to European mariners
Moster IMPORTANT: growing use of guns and gunpowder, Chinese inventions adapted by Europeans. Guns affected poltical patterns within Africa, Japan, and Europe
Larger ships armed with cannon sailed trade routes across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
The Big Changes
Every society reaccted differently through changes in world empires and trade routes depending on world position and pre-existing tradition
Developments lead to
forging of a new global economy
new biological exchanges of food, animals, and people
emergence of new large empires based on techonology, specifically guns and gunnery
A New Glocal Economy
international trade increased, included Americas
Brought various regions of the world closer*
Biological Exchange
Inclusion of Americas in trade set biological exchanges of enormous consquences
Foods from Americas like corn and potatoes, started to grow in Asia and Europe
Local improvements in agricultures -> population increase
Europeans new diseases led to population loss
Slave trade was a response to labor shortage in Americas
Horses and other animals changed life in the Americas
"Columbian exchange" changed relationships among populations
New Empires
Gunpowder empires formed poltical units- which required energies and expensives (massive)
India, MIddle East, southeastern Europe, and Russia empires challenged political tradtions in their territories
Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands exerted pressure on oversea holdings
Continuity
Even though world geography shifted, some political features persisted, including important trade routes
Societies reacted to changes by holding on to key features of their past
Spread of world religions continued- Islam reached to southeast Asia and southeastern Europe **conversions to Christianity in the Americas
No systematic changes occured in gender relations- new African slave trade affected gender balances on Atlantic sides
More men than women were seized in Africa
New ideas created debate over women's conditions in western Europe
No techonoligical breathroughs until after 1750
Impact on Daily Life: Work
Indians in the Americas died through European and African diseasons (smallpox, measles) Chinese govt requiered taxes to be paid in silver (increase of wealth there)
Growing pressure to work harder- populations increases demanded more works to sustain large families and villages; Protestantism preached work ethic that convinced people labor demonstrated God's Grace (western EUrope)
Child labor incerased- service a indenturred laborers, English factories
page 354 Causation and the West's Expansion Questions
1. If you had to choose a single determinsism( cultrual, techonolgical, or exonomic) as basic to social change, which one would you pick? Why?
- Cultural derterminism is the most significant to social change because the way people live and their beliefs, morals, values, traditions, and ways strongly distinguish between societies.
2. In what ways might the professed motives of Western explorers and colonists have differed from their real motives? Would they necessarily have been aware of the discrepancy?
-
The World Map Changes
- over 1450-1750 new empires came into play and replaced smaller politlca units of the postclassical period
- ^European countries developed, as well as empires in Asia and eastern EUrope- also Russian and Ottoman empires; Mughal Empire ruled Indian subcontinent
- Big change: trade routes- 1450 international trade was focused on Asia, Africa, and Europe via Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
- By 1750 routes across the Pacific and Atlantic were significant
Triggers for Change- Revival of empire building- example: Ottoman Turks who conquered Constantinople (capital of Byzantine empire) THey extended their rule over Byzantine territories, put Muslim power in charge
- Worried CHristian leaders turned to diffeernt activities to compensate for loss of influence and territory because of the Muslim focus
- 1450- progression of explorations by Europeans- motivated by desire to find ways to trade with east Asia
- New Military techonolgies- vital role defining new framework between 1450-1750
- ^ Chinese and Arabs introduced compasses and navigational devices to European mariners
- Moster IMPORTANT: growing use of guns and gunpowder, Chinese inventions adapted by Europeans. Guns affected poltical patterns within Africa, Japan, and Europe
- Larger ships armed with cannon sailed trade routes across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
The Big Changes- forging of a new global economy
- new biological exchanges of food, animals, and people
- emergence of new large empires based on techonology, specifically guns and gunnery
A New Glocal Economy- international trade increased, included Americas
- Brought various regions of the world closer*
Biological Exchange- Inclusion of Americas in trade set biological exchanges of enormous consquences
- Foods from Americas like corn and potatoes, started to grow in Asia and Europe
- Local improvements in agricultures -> population increase
- Europeans new diseases led to population loss
- Slave trade was a response to labor shortage in Americas
- Horses and other animals changed life in the Americas
- "Columbian exchange" changed relationships among populations
New EmpiresContinuity
- Even though world geography shifted, some political features persisted, including important trade routes
- Societies reacted to changes by holding on to key features of their past
- Spread of world religions continued- Islam reached to southeast Asia and southeastern Europe **conversions to Christianity in the Americas
- No systematic changes occured in gender relations- new African slave trade affected gender balances on Atlantic sides
- More men than women were seized in Africa
- New ideas created debate over women's conditions in western Europe
- No techonoligical breathroughs until after 1750
Impact on Daily Life: Workpage 354 Causation and the West's Expansion Questions
1. If you had to choose a single determinsism( cultrual, techonolgical, or exonomic) as basic to social change, which one would you pick? Why?
- Cultural derterminism is the most significant to social change because the way people live and their beliefs, morals, values, traditions, and ways strongly distinguish between societies.
2. In what ways might the professed motives of Western explorers and colonists have differed from their real motives? Would they necessarily have been aware of the discrepancy?
-
The World Economy
The West
The Rise of Russia
Spain and Portugal
Brazil
Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Slave Trade
Muslim Empires
Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans