1.Read 657-661 and 722-723 Outline notes Indian Independence - Make sure you relate events in India to major world events
India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj
Main Idea: Indian nationalist movements pioneered patterns of nationalist challenges, the British took control and the Congress Party was formed in 1885.
movements for independence arose in Asian colonies earlier than African colonies
Western-educated minority of the colonized in India was politically organized
due to India's size and its pivotal role in the british Empire, the Indian nationalist movement pioneered patterns of nationalist challenge and European retreat that were later followed by other colonies
conditions in Asia and Africa made for important variations on the sequence of decolonization worked out in India + Egypt
key themes, like the lead taken by Western-educated, was the importance of charismatic leaders in the spread of the anticolonial struggle to the peasant and urban masses
National Congress party led Indians to independece and governed through most of the early decades of the postcolonial era--outgrew regional associations, centered in the cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras
Congress party formed by Indian leaders in 1885 had high ranking British officials--viewed it in which th eopinons of smart Indians could be made known to the govt
first few decades Congress party served purposes well- no mass base, very few ongoing staff members who could sustain lobying efforts on issues at annual meetings
the Congress party voiced concern for growing poverty of India, drain of wealth, debates and petitions to the government were dominated by elite centric issues like the removal of barriers to Indian employment in the colonial bureaucracy and increased Indian employment in the colonial bureaucracy and incresed Indian respresentation in all-Indiana nd local lesgislative bodies
members=loyal to British rulers, but Western educated Indians were troubled by racism, shared grievances with their backgrounds-- Congress party gave India identity that it never had before
Social Foundations of a Mass Movement
Main Idea: British rule generated social and economic disruptions in India, as well as discontent that caused substantial numbers of recruits for the nationalist campaigns.
Western educated elites groped for causes to draw larger segment of Indians into the growing nationalist community
British rule generated social and economic disruptions in India, as well as discontent that caused substantial numbers of recruits for the nationalist campaigns
Indian businessmen were angered by the favoritism British rulers had for British investors in establishing trade policies in India-- Indian political leaders increasingly stressed inequities and loss tot he Indian people from the drain of Indian resources under colonial rule
India's government budget covered expenses of the huge army that fought wars elsewhere in the British Empire--Indian people paid for salaries and pensions of the administrators
purchases of railway equpment or steel for public works, the government bought goods from Great Britain--ensured classic colonial relationship between a manufacturing European colonizer and its production overseas maintained
villages of Inida-shortcomings of British rule were apparant- needs of British home economy dictated policies--> Indian peasantry toward the production of cash crops like cotton, jute, and ingo
decline in food production resulted played a mjor role in regional famines in WW1-- food shortages, epidemic disease, etc. occured
The Rise of Militant Nationalism
Main Idea: A Muslim named Tilak believed nationalism should be built upon appeals to the Hindu religion and worked, even illegally, to promote the restoration of Hinduism ancient traditions.
Indian nationalist leaders stressed issues to build a mass base apppealed to Hindus--campaigns for protection of cows
these religious oriented causes aliented adherents of other faiths, especially the Muslims--Muslims ate beef, made up a fourth of Indian empire population
a leader B.G. Tilak was concerned by the split; nationalism should be built on appeals to Hindu religiosity--worked to promote restoration of Hinduism ancient traditions (apposed women's education, raising the low marriage age for women, turned festivals for Hindu gods into occasions for political demonstrates, broke Congress party by demanding boycott of British goods, persuaded Indians to refuse to serve in the military, demanded full independence)
Tilak's writings were found tied to underground organizations advocating violence--British arrest and imprisoned him
Hindu communalists were a threat to the British in India before WW1--advocated violent overthrow of colonial regime
Bengal terrotists built underground secret socieities- one by quasi religious, guru style leaders who exhorted them to build physiques weith Western calisthenics and use firearms/bombs
young revolutions struck at European civilizans and collaborators
Indian lawyers became dominant force in nationalist politics- Gandhi, Jinnah, Nehru provided key leadership movements for indepence
Morley Minto reforms of 1909 provided intelligent Indians with opportunities to vote and serve for Indian lesigslative councils
The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle
Main Idea: The peasants had an extremely difficult time dealing with the taxes imposed and suffered from many diseases and famines.
British were comforted from the way peoples of the empire rallied to their defenseIndian prinfcees offered war loans; soldiers bore thr brunt of the war effort, nationalist leaders like Ganhi and Tilak toured India selling British war bonds
signs of unrest spread throughout te subcontinent
wartime inflation affected Indian population-peasants angry at ceilings set on price of market produce, inablity to sell what they produces, Indian laboreres saw their wages drop, bosses grew rich through profits earned in war production--famines occured
end of war--moderate Indian politicans were frustrated by British refusal to honor wartime promises--they promised the Indians that if they continued to support the war effort, India would move steadily to self-government within the empire once the conflict was over
Indian hopes were raise dby the Montagu Chelsford reforms in 1919--incerased powers of Indian legislators and gave control
concessions granted in the reforms were offset by the passage in the year of the Rowlatt Act--severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights like freedom of press
Mohandas Gandhi emerged ad a leader to forge the localized protest into sustained all-India campiaign against policies of colonial overlords
Gandhi's stress on nonviolence but agressive protests endeared him to moderates and radical elements
peaceful boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, mass demonstrations--satyagraha or truth force--weakened British control
Gandhi possesed inner confidnce and morals-combined career of a Western-education lawyer with attributes of a tradional Hindu ascetic and guru
Gandhi's policies built strong middle class, Western educated Indians as well
Under Ganhi's leadership, nationalist protest surged in India during the 1920s and 1930s
Gandhi knew the neglacties of the British and used them against them
page 722-723 The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia
Main Idea: British passed over control to the Congress Party.
WW2 put an end to accommodation between Indian National Congress and the British in the 1930s--Congress leaders offered to support Allies' war effort if British would give them a share of power and commit themselves to Indian independence--rejected by the viceroy in India and at home by Winston Churchill
Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India in 1942 to see if a deal could be struck with Indian leaders
Indian divisions and British intransigence led to collapse of Cripps's initative and renewal of civil disobediance campaigns under Quit India movement 1942 summer
British mass arrests--Gandhi, Nehru and others were imprisoned
Communist Indians were committed to antifascist alliance and the Muslim League rallied to the British cause
the league led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah won favor from British for wartime support--links between Brtish and Jinnah became key factor in struggle for decolonization in south Asia
inflation sirred urban unrest in India, famines as well
process of decolonization focused on what sort of state or states would be carved out of the subcontinent after the British withdrawal
it was essential they insisted that a seperate Muslim state called Pakistan was created from those areas in northwest--to rally support communal rioting spread throughout India--British and key Congress party politicans concluded a bloodbath--result = creation of two nations, one Muslim, 1947 British handed power to the Congress party
Hindu-Muslim and Muslim-Sikh communal rioting took hundreds of lives including women and children, destroyed villages, trains, passengers, etc.
Jan 30, 1948 Gandhi was shot by a Hindu fanatic
Burma and Ceylon won their indepence and Gandhi's civil disobedience campaigns and inspired successful struggles for indepence in Ghana, Nigeria, and other African colonies
1945-1949 Dutch fought a losing war to destroy Indonesia--French struggled to retain Indochina
European colonizers suffered losses and then had to deal with new threats
Complete a leadership analysis of Gandhi Leader Analysis Sheet
Name of Leader: Gandhi
Lifespan: 1869-1948
Title: Peaceful leader
Country/region: India
Years in Power: --Leader
Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power: - Britain dominated politics in India. - India was in a huge economic crisis due to the taxes that Great Britain imposed on the people of India to make up for their own war spending - Indian poverty and food shortages were common - Britain promised some freedom for India, but they never received it
Ideology, Motivation, Goals: - Motivated by Gandhi the British using violence to capture and take control of the rest of India and he desired to stop it in a peaceful manner - Motivated also when the British placed severe restrictions on Indian civil rights in the Rowlett Act—people became very upset, hence violence, which he wanted to put an end to - Goal = resist and free control from Great Britain on India in a peaceful manner
Significant Actions & events During Term of Power: - Believed in civil disobedience, peaceful protests, and non-violent ways to go about things
Short-Term effects: - He became world-wide known for his ways, from people to nationalistic politicians - Nationalists peacefully came about the anti-colonail resistance in India against the British
Long-Term Effects: - India finally gained their independence from Great Britain - Pakistan was developed and established as a new country
Indian Identity
An important theme in Indian independence is the idea of Identity. Different identities played a role in the British decision to partition India.
Before developing connections between Nationalism and identity brainstorm answers to the following questions.
What is an Identity- an identity is what defines a person, what kind of person they are made up of
How are our identities formed- identities are formed through experience and through influences from others
How does our identity influence the way we see ourselves and others- we often view others by comparing them to ourselves
What is conformity- correspondence in character, agreement
How does a society decide who belongs and who does not- while some societies give free reign to anyone, others decide on who belongs through religion, beliefs, values, characteristics, etc.
How do our attitudes and beliefs influence our thinking- if a person stays realistic, they are able to live a positive life and the beliefs reflect off of attitudes
What does it mean to belong to a group- to belong to a group means to share beliefs, characteristics, and possibly values with other people
How is membership defined and by whom is membership defined- membership is a person that is part of a society, or a group, defined by the leader of the group of members
When you have completed the answers to the questions above, copy your answers and the questions (minus the ? mark) and paste them into a wordle. Put this wordle onto your wiki. Under your India page.
Next Complete an Identity chart for yourself based on your own interpretation of identity. The following link gives you an example of this. You could use mindomo.com or bubbl.us (bubbl = simple!) Identity Map Example
1.Read 657-661 and 722-723 Outline notes Indian Independence - Make sure you relate events in India to major world events
India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj
Main Idea: Indian nationalist movements pioneered patterns of nationalist challenges, the British took control and the Congress Party was formed in 1885.
- movements for independence arose in Asian colonies earlier than African colonies
- Western-educated minority of the colonized in India was politically organized
- due to India's size and its pivotal role in the british Empire, the Indian nationalist movement pioneered patterns of nationalist challenge and European retreat that were later followed by other colonies
- conditions in Asia and Africa made for important variations on the sequence of decolonization worked out in India + Egypt
- key themes, like the lead taken by Western-educated, was the importance of charismatic leaders in the spread of the anticolonial struggle to the peasant and urban masses
- National Congress party led Indians to independece and governed through most of the early decades of the postcolonial era--outgrew regional associations, centered in the cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras
- Congress party formed by Indian leaders in 1885 had high ranking British officials--viewed it in which th eopinons of smart Indians could be made known to the govt
- first few decades Congress party served purposes well- no mass base, very few ongoing staff members who could sustain lobying efforts on issues at annual meetings
- the Congress party voiced concern for growing poverty of India, drain of wealth, debates and petitions to the government were dominated by elite centric issues like the removal of barriers to Indian employment in the colonial bureaucracy and increased Indian employment in the colonial bureaucracy and incresed Indian respresentation in all-Indiana nd local lesgislative bodies
- members=loyal to British rulers, but Western educated Indians were troubled by racism, shared grievances with their backgrounds-- Congress party gave India identity that it never had before
Social Foundations of a Mass MovementMain Idea: British rule generated social and economic disruptions in India, as well as discontent that caused substantial numbers of recruits for the nationalist campaigns.
- Western educated elites groped for causes to draw larger segment of Indians into the growing nationalist community
- British rule generated social and economic disruptions in India, as well as discontent that caused substantial numbers of recruits for the nationalist campaigns
- Indian businessmen were angered by the favoritism British rulers had for British investors in establishing trade policies in India-- Indian political leaders increasingly stressed inequities and loss tot he Indian people from the drain of Indian resources under colonial rule
- India's government budget covered expenses of the huge army that fought wars elsewhere in the British Empire--Indian people paid for salaries and pensions of the administrators
- purchases of railway equpment or steel for public works, the government bought goods from Great Britain--ensured classic colonial relationship between a manufacturing European colonizer and its production overseas maintained
- villages of Inida-shortcomings of British rule were apparant- needs of British home economy dictated policies--> Indian peasantry toward the production of cash crops like cotton, jute, and ingo
- decline in food production resulted played a mjor role in regional famines in WW1-- food shortages, epidemic disease, etc. occured
The Rise of Militant NationalismMain Idea: A Muslim named Tilak believed nationalism should be built upon appeals to the Hindu religion and worked, even illegally, to promote the restoration of Hinduism ancient traditions.
- Indian nationalist leaders stressed issues to build a mass base apppealed to Hindus--campaigns for protection of cows
- these religious oriented causes aliented adherents of other faiths, especially the Muslims--Muslims ate beef, made up a fourth of Indian empire population
- a leader B.G. Tilak was concerned by the split; nationalism should be built on appeals to Hindu religiosity--worked to promote restoration of Hinduism ancient traditions (apposed women's education, raising the low marriage age for women, turned festivals for Hindu gods into occasions for political demonstrates, broke Congress party by demanding boycott of British goods, persuaded Indians to refuse to serve in the military, demanded full independence)
- Tilak's writings were found tied to underground organizations advocating violence--British arrest and imprisoned him
- Hindu communalists were a threat to the British in India before WW1--advocated violent overthrow of colonial regime
- Bengal terrotists built underground secret socieities- one by quasi religious, guru style leaders who exhorted them to build physiques weith Western calisthenics and use firearms/bombs
- young revolutions struck at European civilizans and collaborators
- Indian lawyers became dominant force in nationalist politics- Gandhi, Jinnah, Nehru provided key leadership movements for indepence
- Morley Minto reforms of 1909 provided intelligent Indians with opportunities to vote and serve for Indian lesigslative councils
The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist StruggleMain Idea: The peasants had an extremely difficult time dealing with the taxes imposed and suffered from many diseases and famines.
- British were comforted from the way peoples of the empire rallied to their defenseIndian prinfcees offered war loans; soldiers bore thr brunt of the war effort, nationalist leaders like Ganhi and Tilak toured India selling British war bonds
- signs of unrest spread throughout te subcontinent
- wartime inflation affected Indian population-peasants angry at ceilings set on price of market produce, inablity to sell what they produces, Indian laboreres saw their wages drop, bosses grew rich through profits earned in war production--famines occured
- end of war--moderate Indian politicans were frustrated by British refusal to honor wartime promises--they promised the Indians that if they continued to support the war effort, India would move steadily to self-government within the empire once the conflict was over
- Indian hopes were raise dby the Montagu Chelsford reforms in 1919--incerased powers of Indian legislators and gave control
- concessions granted in the reforms were offset by the passage in the year of the Rowlatt Act--severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights like freedom of press
- Mohandas Gandhi emerged ad a leader to forge the localized protest into sustained all-India campiaign against policies of colonial overlords
- Gandhi's stress on nonviolence but agressive protests endeared him to moderates and radical elements
- peaceful boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, mass demonstrations--satyagraha or truth force--weakened British control
- Gandhi possesed inner confidnce and morals-combined career of a Western-education lawyer with attributes of a tradional Hindu ascetic and guru
- Gandhi's policies built strong middle class, Western educated Indians as well
- Under Ganhi's leadership, nationalist protest surged in India during the 1920s and 1930s
- Gandhi knew the neglacties of the British and used them against them
page 722-723 The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast AsiaMain Idea: British passed over control to the Congress Party.
Complete a leadership analysis of Gandhi
Leader Analysis Sheet
Gandhi
1869-1948
Peaceful leader
India
--Leader
- Britain dominated politics in India.
- India was in a huge economic crisis due to the taxes that Great Britain imposed on the people of India to make up for their own war spending
- Indian poverty and food shortages were common
- Britain promised some freedom for India, but they never received it
- Motivated by Gandhi the British using violence to capture and take control of the rest of India and he desired to stop it in a peaceful manner
- Motivated also when the British placed severe restrictions on Indian civil rights in the Rowlett Act—people became very upset, hence violence, which he wanted to put an end to
- Goal = resist and free control from Great Britain on India in a peaceful manner
- Believed in civil disobedience, peaceful protests, and non-violent ways to go about things
- He became world-wide known for his ways, from people to nationalistic politicians
- Nationalists peacefully came about the anti-colonail resistance in India against the British
- India finally gained their independence from Great Britain
- Pakistan was developed and established as a new country
Indian Identity
An important theme in Indian independence is the idea of Identity. Different identities played a role in the British decision to partition India.
Before developing connections between Nationalism and identity brainstorm answers to the following questions.
When you have completed the answers to the questions above, copy your answers and the questions (minus the ? mark) and paste them into a wordle. Put this wordle onto your wiki. Under your India page.
Next Complete an Identity chart for yourself based on your own interpretation of identity. The following link gives you an example of this. You could use mindomo.com or bubbl.us (bubbl = simple!) Identity Map Example