- Silk, hemp, paper, dyes, oils were used in the market, trade, made profits
S
- Nobles enjoyed luxuries, and followed strict codes of politeness. - Women were equally artist -Women tried and tried again to gain political power- expected to be as poised and cultured as men. Wrote poeams, playing the flute, participated in elaborate schemes to disgrace rivals -Love affairs common - Warriors were high -valued for their protection against bandits. - Rise of samurais turned peasants to serfs - Women had power in feudal to manage guilds and businesses and had the ability to pass it on to their daughters. - Primogeniture in the elite class however limited the power of women -The aristocratic class had taken over most of the mpositions in the central govt
P
- Taika reforms -change the imperial administration to match China's - Women would never rule - capital -- Kyoto/Heian. - Kyoto/Heian banned all Buddhist monasteries and then monks built them on the hills surrounding Kyoto - Families with high political power further increased that power through increasing the number of estates controlled - Small kingdoms created - Bushi, military leaders, ruled kingdoms - Samurais, mounted troops, protected the court, loyal to Bushi - As local lords’ powers grew, the court and imperial administration had less power - Genpei Wars -forced peasants of farmlands to fight against each other - Feudal era began - the Minamoto won the samurai warriors in the Genpei Wars - Collapse of central government caused by civil wars
I
- Ideas, products, traditions, marketing all imported from China - Zen Buddhism grew and led to a reawakened interaction with China
R
- Buddhism failed in gaining large amounts of political power within the Japanese govt - Peasants/Serfs turned to pure land Buddhism in hopes of salvation - Zen Buddhism -> warrior elites
I
- Nobles and the govt officials tried to: learn Chinese, share ideas, and believe in Confucianism - Peasants admired the nobles and temples - Poetry: Chinese script - Seppuku was used to commit suicide - Scroll paintings that were original from Chinese influence
T
- New tools - Use of draft animals - Guilds to promote marketing
Main Idea: The basis of the Japanese Empire was formed from the empire of China, however the they developed feudalism
Surprising fact: The Japanese wanted to master Chinese characters despite that they did not know that language.
Influence in Korea - Bureacracy was mimicked like in China - Buddhism was adopted - Buddhist artists were patronized - Korea financed monastries and pagodas buildings - Chinese language was adopted/writing - Law code of Han China = law code of Koguryo - Confucian classics taught in universities - Tribute system provided access to Chinese learning, art, and manufactured goods - Placement of monasteries and pagodas in high places - Techniques of porcelain manufacture - sedentary farming - United Korea - Kept same boundaries established by Silla Independent Influence in Korea -dress/clothing -cuisine -social class sytem: -Developed the wood block -Developed movable metal-type printing Vietnam -recieved superior technology from China -let themselves by conquered b eucase they thought they had a lot to learn from their powerful neighbors -political influence, created bureucratic political machines -Vietnemese scholars went to Chinese schools and read Chinese texts of Confucius Independent -Chinese failed to accumulate the Vietnams into their society -geography problems stopped China from sending military and goods to Vietnam -Vietnamese dressed very differently from the Chinese -Trunt sisters led revolts against China -Vietnamese did not like confucian codes and family system that would haved confined them to the house -afraid of losing identity and becoming "just another" part of China's huge civilization -spoken language was not related to the Chinese
Feudalism Several societies only had weak central governments due to lack of resources, shared political values, and bureaucratic knowledge to extend their options. During the Zhou dynasty China is called feudal. Russian kings from Rurik contained little or loose control over powerful landlords. Sub-Saharan African kings relied only on deals and compromises with local and regional leaders. Feudal systems were early and less sophisticated versions of political societies that were moving from local toward centralized governments. Russia for example was decentralized and watched the rulers making concessions to regional nobles because of the dependency they had on lords. Japan and the medieval West developed over time political values that gripped participants in the system, most being aristocratic lords. Feudalism in Western Europe and Japan was militaristic with long centuries of internal warfare, due to feudal loyalties and rivalries. Although warfare was more dealt with in Europe than Japan, feudalism summed up a host of elite military virtues that obstructed the progress of a more steady government. While feudalism survived the military, it left Japan with bad problems of trying to control its samurai class after internal conflict. Feudalism’s warrior ethic continued in the well-known belief that the true purpose of a state was to make war in the West. Western feudalism stressed contractual ideas more than Japan. Feudal loyalties were sealed by negotiated contracts despite mutual ties by members of the European warrior elite. Japanese feudalism also relied greatly on group and individual loyalties, allowing aristocrats to defend their explicitly defined legal interests again the monarch. The approach in Japan of a less institutionalized group led to decision-making teams in the state. Both societies were unsuccessful in industrial development and adept at keeping up capitalist economies.
Summary of Chinese Influence in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam A great amount of influence in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam came from China. In Japan, women were expected to be poised and as cultured as men were. They wrote poems, played the flute, and participated in elaborate schemes to disgrace rivals, like in China. Also, the Taika reforms
Mongol ESPIRIT
E
· Staple foods were meat and milk products provided by herds, in addition to grain and vegetables that were gained by trade · Traded hides and dairy for jewelry, weapons, and cloth · Under Chinggis Khan, trade routes were made for prosperous merchants and rich cosmopolitan cities
S
· Basic unit: tribe- divided into kin-related clans · Clans and tribes could be combined when threatened by external enemies or preparing for raids on other nomads · Leaders elected by the free men of the group · Women exercised influence in the family and had the right to be heard in tribal councils, despite that men still dominated · Chinggis Khan (aka Temujin) born in the 1170s was born into a clan that fought for survival after Kabul Khan’s death · It is said that as soon as Temujin’s family was on the upswing, his father was poisoned, thereforn Temujin was thrust into leadership · Temujin was imprisoned in 1182- after escaping finally, he and his people joined the camp of a powerful Mongol chieftain- led to his growing reputation as a warrior · Commanders in tumens were responsible for training, disciplining, and arming the cavalrymen · Jebe, the Arrow, won the khagan’s affection by standing ground after his troops were routed and fearlessly shooting Chinggis Khan’s horse out from under him · Mongols spared the lives of advisors, artisan and scholars that had useful skills · Framework drew on advice and talents of Muslim and Chinese bureucrats
P
· In 1206 at a meeting of the Mongol chieftains named kuriltai Temujin (then renamed Chinggis Khan) was elected as the khagan or supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes · Chinggis Khan brought organization, discipline, and unity of command · New capital of Karakorum where Chinggis Khan lived with his wives and advisors · He consulted with Confucian scholars about how to rule China, Muslim engineers on how to build sieg weapons and improve trade with western lands · Script was made for the Mongolian language to smooth the progress of recordkeeping and laws · After Chinggis Khan’s death, the Mongols were controlled by his three remaining sons and Batu, a grandon and heir of the khagan’s recently deceased son Jochi · Ogedei Chinggis Khan’s third son was elected as grand khan
*
I
· Mongol warriors could fire a quiver of arrows accurately without breaking stride of horse; hit enemy soldiers as far away as 350 yards · Mongol armies were entirely cavalry- they moved so rapidly that their advances alone was demoralizing to enemies · Divided into armies of units called tumens consisting of 10,000 warriors · Favorite battle tactic- cavalry sent to attack enemy’s main force; cavalry retreated after feigning defeat, drawing the forces out of formation out of hope of having a chance to slaughter Mongols, once the enemy’s were spread out, Mongol’s main force attacked them in pincer formation · Muhammad Shah’s flourishing cities and kingdom was in Mongol hands- he died in the Caspian Sea on an island- huge victory · After battle at the Tangut capital, Chinggis Khan was ill and injured- Mongols carried his body back to Mongolia for burial · The Golden Horde was the name for the project of the conquest of Russia and Europe
R
· Chinggis Khan consulted with Daoist holy men, who he wanted to give him an elixir that would make him immortal · He was shamanistic (focued on nature), all religions were tolerant in his empire
I
· Dressed in sheepskins, made boots from sheep hides, lived in round felt tents mend of wool sheared from animals · Ponies that they rode on to round herds and hunt animals were essential · Boys and girls could ride ponies as soon as they could walk
T
· Weapons- lances, hatchets, and iron maces · Maps in high advance to show Mongol armies where they were to invade · Handicraft production and scholarship flourished, articistic creativity was present
The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History
MI: After Kubilai Khan assumed the title of great khan in 1260, he led the Mongols in fighting battle after battle to gain control of all of China.
China was one of the most difficult places to conquer for the Mongols- fought from 1235 to 1279
As the Mongols captured control of China, Kubilai passed laws to maintain differences between culture and social separateness of the two
Capital at Tatu (Present day Beijing) was where Kubilai introduced Chinese rituals and music into his own court- also used Chinese calender and sacrifices
Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture
MI: Mongol women refused to adopt the ways of Chinese culture until Kubilai's wife, Chabi, came along.
Mongol women would not practice footbinding, retained their rights to property and control within the household, also rode to the hunt with their husbands
Chabi, the wife of Kubilai, influenced Mongol women; she promoted Buddhist interests, played a role in policies aimed at reconciling the majority ethnic Chinese population of the empire to Mongol rule
Chabi helped Kubilai to understand and tame his own harshness towards Song survivors; she had respect and preserved valuable traditions
Mongol Tolerance and Foregin Cultural Influence
MI: Kubilai and Chabi's curiosity and taste drew in many foreign people to the Yuan court who had a great influence on them.
Kubilai and Chabi has curiosity and cosmopolitan tastes- drew scholars, artists, artisans, and office-seekers from lands to the Yuan court; Muslims were included in the 2nd highest social group behind the Mongols
Muslims supervised the building of the Chinese-style imperial city, proposed new tax collection efficient systems, doctors ran hospitals and added 36 volumes of Muslim medicine
Strong interest in religions- BUddhists, Nestorian Christians, Daoists, and Latin Christians came to the Yuan court
Social Policies and the Scholar-Gentry Resistance
MI: Despite Kubilai's efforts to promote the Mongol adaption to Chinese culture and traditions, measures to preserve distinction instead overshadowed it.
Efforts to promote Mongol adaption to Chinese culture was overshadowed by measures to preserve separateness; Chinese in the south never reconciled to Mongol rule; most of the scholar-gentry saw the Mongol overlord and his successors as barbarians who endangered Chiense tradtions
Kubilai portrayed favoritism for Mongol and other foreign officials; bolstered artisan classes and merchants (they prospered because of Mongol efforts to improve transportation and expand supply of paper money)
Mongols developed a navy which played a huge role in the Song Empire conquest; after it was completed, they were used to put down pirates and even launced oversea expeditions of exploration
Popular entertainments, such as dramas such as The Romance of the West Chamber, flourished- plalyrights role for merchant class, actors and actresses rose
The Fall of the House of Yuan
MI: By the end of Kubilai's reign, the dynasty was weak and collapsing.
By the end of Kubilai's regin, the dynasty was weakening; Song loyalist revolts in the south, failure of expeditions, defeats by Mongol forces
Kubilai's dissolute lifestyle brought the death of Chabi and his favorite son
Religious secrets arose such as the White Lotus Society, dedicated to overthrowing the dynasty
A poor peasant man named Ju Yuanzhang emerged to rule China in the Ming dynasty for the next three centuries
MAIN IDEA*** After many tedious battles, the Mongols, led by Kubilai Khan, had finally captured all of China. Kubilai and his wife Chabi tried to promote Mongol adaption to Chinese culture, however efforts were overshadowed after people preserved distinction of the two. Foreigners that came to the Yuan court caused for a diverse society, despite angry Chinese in the south due to Kubiali's favoritism. The dynasty had fallen to the Ming dynasty led by Ju Yuanzhang after failures and defeats.
- Women were equally artist
-Women tried and tried again to gain political power- expected to be as poised and cultured as men. Wrote poeams, playing the flute, participated in elaborate schemes to disgrace rivals
-Love affairs common
- Warriors were high -valued for their protection against bandits.
- Rise of samurais turned peasants to serfs
- Women had power in feudal to manage guilds and businesses and had the ability to pass it on to their daughters.
- Primogeniture in the elite class however limited the power of women
-The aristocratic class had taken over most of the mpositions in the central govt
- Women would never rule
- capital -- Kyoto/Heian.
- Kyoto/Heian banned all Buddhist monasteries and then monks built them on the hills surrounding Kyoto
- Families with high political power further increased that power through increasing the number of estates controlled
- Small kingdoms created
- Bushi, military leaders, ruled kingdoms
- Samurais, mounted troops, protected the court, loyal to Bushi
- As local lords’ powers grew, the court and imperial administration had less power
- Genpei Wars -forced peasants of farmlands to fight against each other
- Feudal era began - the Minamoto won the samurai warriors in the Genpei Wars
- Collapse of central government caused by civil wars
- Zen Buddhism grew and led to a reawakened interaction with China
- Peasants/Serfs turned to pure land Buddhism in hopes of salvation
- Zen Buddhism -> warrior elites
- Peasants admired the nobles and temples
- Poetry: Chinese script
- Seppuku was used to commit suicide
- Scroll paintings that were original from Chinese influence
- Use of draft animals
- Guilds to promote marketing
Main Idea: The basis of the Japanese Empire was formed from the empire of China, however the they developed feudalism
Surprising fact: The Japanese wanted to master Chinese characters despite that they did not know that language.
Influence in Korea
- Bureacracy was mimicked like in China
- Buddhism was adopted
- Buddhist artists were patronized
- Korea financed monastries and pagodas buildings
- Chinese language was adopted/writing
- Law code of Han China = law code of Koguryo
- Confucian classics taught in universities
- Tribute system provided access to Chinese learning, art, and manufactured goods
- Placement of monasteries and pagodas in high places
- Techniques of porcelain manufacture
- sedentary farming
- United Korea
- Kept same boundaries established by Silla
Independent Influence in Korea
-dress/clothing
-cuisine
-social class sytem:
-Developed the wood block
-Developed movable metal-type printing
Vietnam
-recieved superior technology from China
-let themselves by conquered b eucase they thought they had a lot to learn from their powerful neighbors
-political influence, created bureucratic political machines
-Vietnemese scholars went to Chinese schools and read Chinese texts of Confucius
Independent
-Chinese failed to accumulate the Vietnams into their society
-geography problems stopped China from sending military and goods to Vietnam
-Vietnamese dressed very differently from the Chinese
-Trunt sisters led revolts against China
-Vietnamese did not like confucian codes and family system that would haved confined them to the house
-afraid of losing identity and becoming "just another" part of China's huge civilization
-spoken language was not related to the Chinese
Feudalism
Several societies only had weak central governments due to lack of resources, shared political values, and bureaucratic knowledge to extend their options. During the Zhou dynasty China is called feudal. Russian kings from Rurik contained little or loose control over powerful landlords. Sub-Saharan African kings relied only on deals and compromises with local and regional leaders. Feudal systems were early and less sophisticated versions of political societies that were moving from local toward centralized governments. Russia for example was decentralized and watched the rulers making concessions to regional nobles because of the dependency they had on lords. Japan and the medieval West developed over time political values that gripped participants in the system, most being aristocratic lords. Feudalism in Western Europe and Japan was militaristic with long centuries of internal warfare, due to feudal loyalties and rivalries. Although warfare was more dealt with in Europe than Japan, feudalism summed up a host of elite military virtues that obstructed the progress of a more steady government. While feudalism survived the military, it left Japan with bad problems of trying to control its samurai class after internal conflict. Feudalism’s warrior ethic continued in the well-known belief that the true purpose of a state was to make war in the West. Western feudalism stressed contractual ideas more than Japan. Feudal loyalties were sealed by negotiated contracts despite mutual ties by members of the European warrior elite. Japanese feudalism also relied greatly on group and individual loyalties, allowing aristocrats to defend their explicitly defined legal interests again the monarch. The approach in Japan of a less institutionalized group led to decision-making teams in the state. Both societies were unsuccessful in industrial development and adept at keeping up capitalist economies.
Summary of Chinese Influence in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
A great amount of influence in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam came from China. In Japan, women were expected to be poised and as cultured as men were. They wrote poems, played the flute, and participated in elaborate schemes to disgrace rivals, like in China. Also, the Taika reforms
Mongol ESPIRIT
· Traded hides and dairy for jewelry, weapons, and cloth
· Under Chinggis Khan, trade routes were made for prosperous merchants and rich cosmopolitan cities
· Clans and tribes could be combined when threatened by external enemies or preparing for raids on other nomads
· Leaders elected by the free men of the group
· Women exercised influence in the family and had the right to be heard in tribal councils, despite that men still dominated
· Chinggis Khan (aka Temujin) born in the 1170s was born into a clan that fought for survival after Kabul Khan’s death
· It is said that as soon as Temujin’s family was on the upswing, his father was poisoned, thereforn Temujin was thrust into leadership
· Temujin was imprisoned in 1182- after escaping finally, he and his people joined the camp of a powerful Mongol chieftain- led to his growing reputation as a warrior
· Commanders in tumens were responsible for training, disciplining, and arming the cavalrymen
· Jebe, the Arrow, won the khagan’s affection by standing ground after his troops were routed and fearlessly shooting Chinggis Khan’s horse out from under him
· Mongols spared the lives of advisors, artisan and scholars that had useful skills
· Framework drew on advice and talents of Muslim and Chinese bureucrats
· Chinggis Khan brought organization, discipline, and unity of command
· New capital of Karakorum where Chinggis Khan lived with his wives and advisors
· He consulted with Confucian scholars about how to rule China, Muslim engineers on how to build sieg weapons and improve trade with western lands
· Script was made for the Mongolian language to smooth the progress of recordkeeping and laws
· After Chinggis Khan’s death, the Mongols were controlled by his three remaining sons and Batu, a grandon and heir of the khagan’s recently deceased son Jochi
· Ogedei Chinggis Khan’s third son was elected as grand khan
*
· Mongol armies were entirely cavalry- they moved so rapidly that their advances alone was demoralizing to enemies
· Divided into armies of units called tumens consisting of 10,000 warriors
· Favorite battle tactic- cavalry sent to attack enemy’s main force; cavalry retreated after feigning defeat, drawing the forces out of formation out of hope of having a chance to slaughter Mongols, once the enemy’s were spread out, Mongol’s main force attacked them in pincer formation
· Muhammad Shah’s flourishing cities and kingdom was in Mongol hands- he died in the Caspian Sea on an island- huge victory
· After battle at the Tangut capital, Chinggis Khan was ill and injured- Mongols carried his body back to Mongolia for burial
· The Golden Horde was the name for the project of the conquest of Russia and Europe
· He was shamanistic (focued on nature), all religions were tolerant in his empire
· Ponies that they rode on to round herds and hunt animals were essential
· Boys and girls could ride ponies as soon as they could walk
· Maps in high advance to show Mongol armies where they were to invade
· Handicraft production and scholarship flourished, articistic creativity was present
ESPIRIT Mongols Main Ideas+Questions
The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History
MI: After Kubilai Khan assumed the title of great khan in 1260, he led the Mongols in fighting battle after battle to gain control of all of China.
- China was one of the most difficult places to conquer for the Mongols- fought from 1235 to 1279
- As the Mongols captured control of China, Kubilai passed laws to maintain differences between culture and social separateness of the two
- Capital at Tatu (Present day Beijing) was where Kubilai introduced Chinese rituals and music into his own court- also used Chinese calender and sacrifices
Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese CultureMI: Mongol women refused to adopt the ways of Chinese culture until Kubilai's wife, Chabi, came along.
- Mongol women would not practice footbinding, retained their rights to property and control within the household, also rode to the hunt with their husbands
- Chabi, the wife of Kubilai, influenced Mongol women; she promoted Buddhist interests, played a role in policies aimed at reconciling the majority ethnic Chinese population of the empire to Mongol rule
- Chabi helped Kubilai to understand and tame his own harshness towards Song survivors; she had respect and preserved valuable traditions
Mongol Tolerance and Foregin Cultural InfluenceMI: Kubilai and Chabi's curiosity and taste drew in many foreign people to the Yuan court who had a great influence on them.
- Kubilai and Chabi has curiosity and cosmopolitan tastes- drew scholars, artists, artisans, and office-seekers from lands to the Yuan court; Muslims were included in the 2nd highest social group behind the Mongols
- Muslims supervised the building of the Chinese-style imperial city, proposed new tax collection efficient systems, doctors ran hospitals and added 36 volumes of Muslim medicine
- Strong interest in religions- BUddhists, Nestorian Christians, Daoists, and Latin Christians came to the Yuan court
Social Policies and the Scholar-Gentry ResistanceMI: Despite Kubilai's efforts to promote the Mongol adaption to Chinese culture and traditions, measures to preserve distinction instead overshadowed it.
- Efforts to promote Mongol adaption to Chinese culture was overshadowed by measures to preserve separateness; Chinese in the south never reconciled to Mongol rule; most of the scholar-gentry saw the Mongol overlord and his successors as barbarians who endangered Chiense tradtions
- Kubilai portrayed favoritism for Mongol and other foreign officials; bolstered artisan classes and merchants (they prospered because of Mongol efforts to improve transportation and expand supply of paper money)
- Mongols developed a navy which played a huge role in the Song Empire conquest; after it was completed, they were used to put down pirates and even launced oversea expeditions of exploration
- Popular entertainments, such as dramas such as The Romance of the West Chamber, flourished- plalyrights role for merchant class, actors and actresses rose
The Fall of the House of YuanMI: By the end of Kubilai's reign, the dynasty was weak and collapsing.
- By the end of Kubilai's regin, the dynasty was weakening; Song loyalist revolts in the south, failure of expeditions, defeats by Mongol forces
- Kubilai's dissolute lifestyle brought the death of Chabi and his favorite son
- Religious secrets arose such as the White Lotus Society, dedicated to overthrowing the dynasty
- A poor peasant man named Ju Yuanzhang emerged to rule China in the Ming dynasty for the next three centuries
MAIN IDEA***After many tedious battles, the Mongols, led by Kubilai Khan, had finally captured all of China. Kubilai and his wife Chabi tried to promote Mongol adaption to Chinese culture, however efforts were overshadowed after people preserved distinction of the two. Foreigners that came to the Yuan court caused for a diverse society, despite angry Chinese in the south due to Kubiali's favoritism. The dynasty had fallen to the Ming dynasty led by Ju Yuanzhang after failures and defeats.