Ottoman Empire and Egypt

Ottoman Empire and Egypt
As industrialzed European nations were expanding their imperial possessions the Ottoman Empire and Egypt were in decline.

As you read pages 593-604 take notes in the chart below. Be sure to focus on causes of decline, European inervention and reform programs

Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey

Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt

Ottoman crisis was brought on by a succession of weak rulers in a social order centered upon the sultan at the top Sultans opened the way for power struggles bw rival ministers, religious experts, and the commanders of the Janissary corps Competition grew b/w elite factions and eroded efective leadership within the empire= weakened control artisan workers in the towns were ruined because of competition from imported manufactures from Europe--> urban riots where artisan guilds and men's associations took the lead Merchants were dependednt on commercial dealings with European counterparts Ottoman economic dependence on its biggest European political rivals grew internal conflict/armies deprived of resources made by European rivals the Austrian Habsburg dynasty benfitted Ottoman decadence 1700s- Russian Empire became main threat to Ottomans' survival Ottomans' weakness was underscored by attempts to forge alliances w/ Christian powers. Ottoman land = taken 1804 uprising in Serbia Military force could not hold back Greek revol in early 1820s 1870s- Ottomans were driven from whole of the Balkans and most of the European provinces Divisions in European powers contributed to the Ottoman's survival British concern to prevent Russian from control of Istanbul led them to prop up tottering Ottoman regime Ottoman survival depended on reforms made by sultans Sultan Selim III believed Ottomans needed bolder intiatives to survive Selim's reform efforts (improving administrative efficiency, new army and navy) angered bureacracy = death by revolt in 1807 Sultan Mahmud II built an army to take down the angry Janissaries--slaughtered all of them Mahmud II launched a program- diplomatic corps on Western lines and exchanged ambassadors with European powers Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876) = university education on W lines (science and math), state-fun postal and telegraph systems, railways 1860s, newspapers, extensive legal reforms, 1876 consitution based on European prottypes Groups were affected by changes, such as the Artisans whose position was weakened by an 1838 treaty w/ British to remove import taxes on foreign trade, also women's education were debated, but no improvements shown Last Ottoman sultan driven from power in 1908 Reforms threatened the dynasty responsbile for them (West) West viewed the sultanate as a barrior to radical reforms Abdul Hamid responded ^ w/ an attempt to return to absolutism from 1878-1908, deprived westernized elite groups of power they gained Deep impact of decades of reform was demonstrated that Abdul Hamid pushed for westernization, adopting European arms and techniques, railways, telegraph lines, educational instituions, judicial reforms 1908- Abdul Hamid ended--> resistance to his authoritarian rule led Turkish intellectuals to found Ottoman Society for Union and Progress in Paris 1889, restored constituion Officers fought, power was threated when they lost wars in the Balks and a conflict against Italy over Libya Turks overthrew the sultan, the quarrels b/w them and the resistance in Arab portions of Ottoman Empire ended in 1914

1880s, Arab Peoples lived under Ottoman-Turkish rule With the weakening Ottomans, they were at high risk of conquest by the Europeans The Islamic world has been displaced by the West from scientific inquiry to monumental architecture Napolean's invasion of Egypt in 1798 shocked the Muslim world- he saw the Egyptian campaign as the prelude to detroying British power in India Napolean put his armies on the shore in 1798 and met cavalry defending the Mamluk regime that ruled Egypt Mamluk means slave Mamluks risen in ranks as military commanders and seized power Murad, head of Mamluk households, dismissed the Napolean and his invaders who he would drive immeditaely from his lands Murad's plan failed- series of defeats, one particularly beneath the pyramids of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs Mamluks had been seen as fighters, their defeats were tragic and revealed how vulnerable the Muslim core areas were to the powerful European states British caught up with the French fleet, Napolean had to abandon his army and go back to Egypt to end his powerful reign Muhammad Ali, young officer, ruled Egypt in 1801 He deovted his time to resources of the land to make his nation up to date with weapons and discipline of French armies Introduced Western-style conscription among Egyptian peasants, hired French officers to train his troops, imported Western arms, adopted tactics on organization = most effective fighting force in the entire Middle East His efforts fell short of a fundamental transformation of Egyptian society- he ordered Egyptian peasantry to increase production of cotton, hemp, indigo, and other crops He tried to reform education, little achieved Muhammad died in 1848, embittered by European opposition that stopped him from mastering Ottoman sultans his descandeants provied a succession of rulers known as khedives who were formal rulers of Egypt until they were overthrown in 1952 Peasants were hungry; cotton production incerased, landlord class was well-fed expansion of cotton production rendered Egypt on a single export revenue that khedives collected was wasted on pastimes; indebtedness to European financiers grew by the 1850s, khedives and turkish elite shared a potentially lucrative scheme to build a cnal that would connect the Mediterranean and Red seas named the Suez Canal in 1869. It became vital in commercial and military links between the European powers and their empires in Asia and east Africa Khedival regime and Ottoman sultans prompted Muslim intellectuals on how to rid the European menace-In mid 19th century, Egypt and Azhar became the key meeting places of these thinkers al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh stressed need for Muslims to borrow scientific learning and techonology from the West They disputed the views of religious scholars who said the Qur'ran was the source of all truth and should be interpreted literally no reconciliation on different approaches to Islamic renewal Debts of khedival regime gave the European powers, like Britain and France, a growing stake in accessibility of Egypt. French urged their governments to intervene militarily when the khedives couldn't pay their loans Ahmad Orabi was a son of a smaller farmer in Egypt, studied under the reform-minded Muhammad Abduh\ Khedives attempted to save money by disbanding Egyptian regiments, however it led to a revolt led by Orabi in 1882 Egypt was not formally colonized, however British intervention began decades of dominance by British consuls and advisors- they controlled their finances and foreign affairs Under British control, Egypt fell into turmoil and conflict Sedentary peoples along the river were easily taken down, therefore Egyptian authority was focused in towns like Khartoum, center of administration in the Sudan All Muslim groups in north Sudan were angry when Egypt tried to eradicate the slave trade Egyptian oppression and British intervention caused resentment within the nation--Muhammad Achmad led the way, the people thought he was associated with Mahdi (a deliverer) Muhammad Achmad, Mahdi, led the most extreme and biolent Islamic response as the dilution of Islam in the African environment. He promised Islam to purge superstitious beliefs and practices, led his followers on an assault on Egyptions (to him, a corrupt version of Islam) Mahdi's skills earned his forces several victories over the Egyptians. However, he fell ill and died and the region who followed him collapsed The Khalifa Abdallahi was a military commander and he contributed in building a strong state, also controlled society in which smoking, dancing, alcholic drinks were forbidden Mahdist armies attacked neighboring states, including Egyptians in the north. However by 1896, British General Kitchener went on an expedition to end the serious threat that Mahdi and his troops purged--they were no match Islamic civilization was no defeated, but was continuously threatened by European neighbors who ruled the world.