hdefilippisAPWHP4

Rome page 81

E	Imperial law codes regulated property rights--created ecnomic unity Based on commercial agriculture, trade and slavery Roads to promote transportation and trade Farmers produced grapes and olives to buy some of the food they needed; sold their own products to do so Colonies in Sicilty to gain acces to grain production for trade Manufactured products and silver Merchants operated ships for trading
S	Rules rather than personal whim should govern social relationships Patriarchal family Merchants had a higher status in Rome; second most presitigous social class underpatricians Aristocracy disputed the merchants' rights Slaves were used for labor, operations- key to economy in classical period and military expansion Husband and father firmly in control Women had economic functions- farming and artisan families In upper classes, women commanded influence and power within a household Women held inferior when it came to law and culture Families burdened with too many babies sometimes put female infants to death= low status, potentional drain Husbands judged, punishes, sometimes kills wife
P	Ruled by aristocrats, also had democratic elements Huge territory and population Roman citizens gathered in periodic assemblies (not to pass basic laws but to elect magistrates) the Senate consisted of aristocrats who held executive offices in the Roman state Consuls shared executive power Diversity of Rome's political form helped create a significant political theory in the classical Mediterranean civilization Roman writer named Cicero wrote about political ethics, citizens' duties, and oratory. His writing resembled Confucianism Romans emphasized laws that would hold their territories together First code of law called the Twelve Tables in 450 B.C.E.-->laws intened to restrain upper classes from arbitrary action and to subject them to legal principles
I	Romans desired military conquest Roman conquest spread during the three Punic Wars from 264 to 146 B.C.E. where Rome fought the Phoenician city of Carthage Romans seized the entire western Mediterranean along with Greece and Egypt Civil wars- Julius Caesar in 45 B.C.E. Augustus Caesar seized power in 27 B.C.E.
R	Constantine (an emperor) adopted the religion of Christianity in 313 Never generated a major religion* Religious festivals were significant-public ceremonies to honor the gods and goddesses-->encouraged widespread loyalty to the state Specific gods were the patrons of human activities such as metalworking, the hunt, literature, history Gods used to illustrate human passions and foibles??? in the Greco-Rome religion Music and dance in religious festivals
I	Rome provided cheap food, gladiator contests, entertainment such as "bread and circuses" Aristotle and Cicero stressed importance of moderation and balance in human behavior (both philosophers) Stoics emphasized an inner moral independence Plato (Socrates' pupil) suggested human reason could approach- True, Good, and Beautiful forms Roman intellectuals examined ethical and political theory Roman authors (such as the poet Vergil) worked in the epic form, linking Roman history and mythology witht he Greek forerunner Roman painters produced realistic decorations for wealthy homes Sculptors, warriors, athletes Chariot races and gladiators High quality theater
T	Rome undertook public works- roads, etc. Stadiums/theaters and public baths to entertain Roman genius engineered achievments such as great roads and acueducts that carried water to cities Arches therefore buildings could carry structural weight

Pericles	A famous Greek politician who dominated Athenian politics during the 5th century B.C.E. He was an aristocrat and a part of a democratic political structure where each citizen participated in city-state assemblies to choose officials and pass lows. He ruled by “wise influence and negotiation”
Peloponnesian Wars	Athens and Sparta vied for control of Greece after both of their political declines. However, kings from Macedonia (northern peninsula) conquered the cities. Philip II won the battle in 338 B.C.E. His son Alexander extended their empire through the Middle East
Hellenistic period	Greek art and culture merged as well as other Middle Eastern forms. Greeks were known as the Hellenes. This period saw the consolidation of Greek civilization and new cultural developments
Punic Wars	Romans acquired a strong military orientation, driven from a desire to protect their widespread territory from rivals. The three Punic Wars lasted from 264 B.C.E. to 146 B.C.E. during which Rome fought the Phoenician city of Carthage armies on Africa’s northern coast. Romans invaded Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, whose troops were with elephants. Romans seized the entire western Mediterranean (and Greece and Egypt)
Augustus Caesar	The nephew of Julius Caesar who took power in 27 B.C.E. He established basic structures of the Roman Empire
Direct democracy	A democracy during the 5th century in Greece where the major decisions of state were made by general assemblies that all citizens had the ability to participate in. It met every 10 days and executive officers were chosen to control their power. Women had no rights of political participation
Socrates	An Athenian philosopher who encouraged his people to question conservative wisdom. He ran afoul of the government which thought he disrespected political loyalty and was given the choice of suicide or exile

Haley DeFilippis
Period 4
AP World History
October 4, 2010
Greece and Rome Comparative Summary

As Persia developed over time, a new civilization of Greece formed to the west building on prior precedents. The civilization of Greece rose between 800 and 600 B.C.E. based on strong city-states instead of a single political unit. Each possessed its own form of government (a tyranny or an aristocrat). For entertainment, the city-states gathered to take part in Olympic Games. Sparta and Athens were the most powerful city-states. They cooperated from 500 and 449 B.C.E. to defeat the Persian invasion. After this period, Greek culture prospered. Colonies developed to create a larger civilization zone. Pericles, an aristocrat, dominated Athenian politics. Both Greece and Rome never generated a specific religion, although both societies allowed religious freedom. Despite his strong guidance, Athens and Sparta took part in the Peloponnesian Wars to take control of Greece. However, Philip II of Macedon won the crucial battle in 338 B.C.E. Under the Hellenistic period, Greek art and culture merged. While in Rome women could retain property after divorce, Greek women suffered. Greece and Rome introduced democratic elements in their societies, however both were overall ruled by aristocrats. Their military drive led them to spread their territory more widely as a result of the Punic Wars from 264 to 146 B.C.E. Over time, Roman republic grew unstable. Augustus Caesar seized the power of his grand uncle Julius Caesar, in 27 B.C.E. and established basic structures of the Roman empire. The Roman empire underwent from a slow fall that lasted 250 years, until government was overturned in 476 B.C.E.

Classical Civilizations and Empires: China and Rome 300 B.C.E- 300 C.E.

Similarities

Differences

Ø Fifty million+ people in ½ million square mi
Ø Funded & fielded huge armies
Ø Tax and control competitors for power in aristocracies
Ø Converted millions to cultural ideas & beliefs
Ø Started 3rd century with military expansion
Ø Political stability, manpower, agriculture, infantry
Ø Directed against mercantile rivales
Ø Led to civil war ^
Ø Barbarinism and religion rose
Ø Roads to promote trade (Han China-Silk Road)

Ø Rome’s civilization had already been developed by Greek roots and the Roman Republic of the last centuries of B.C.E.
Ø Han China continued prior Chinese dynasties traditions
Ø Roman republic not a member of Hellenistic world
Ø Duchy of Ch’in was not a member in the Chou confederacy
Ø Han China had a better steel industry than Rome
Ø Rome produced limited amounts of steel
Ø Roman languages were more syntagmatic than Han China
Ø Rome had better architecure development (theatres, acqueducts, etc.)
Ø Rome had a social revolution
Ø Han China developed more math and science achievments