1. Read In Depth p.684 take brief notes and answer the questions (5 points) -the early 20th century upheavels were just the first waves of a revolutionary tide that struck with renewed fury after 1945 -rural discontent was crucial, peasants provided big contributions to revolutions -peasants were spurred by pressure of population growth and resentment towards big landowners -modern state forms tended to increase taxes on peasants -rise of revolotionary movement was fed by disruptions caused by spread of Industrial Revolutioni and western-centered market system -handicraft owners were thrown out of work, peasants lost their land to money owners -unemployed Western-educated African and Asian secondary school and college graduates became deeply committed to struggles for independce that promised them dignity and good jobs -global economic slumps did fire the revolutionary desires, world wars proved to be fertile seedbeds of revolution -soldiers and veterans provided the shock troops for leftist revolutionaries and fascist pretenders alike -economic competition and militqary rivalries of the industrial powers drew them into unwanted wars that could not be sustained -key factor to uprising of revolutions was intellectual climate that was underlying -progress and belief in that humans could be perfect were widespread and influenced communists such as Marx, Lenin, Mao Zedong, and Ho Chi Minh -overthrow existing regimes they viewed exploitive and decent livelihood to previously downtrodden social groups -common ingredient of 20th centurty revolutions was need to come to terms with Western influence and to reassert greater national autonomy -Mexico, Russia, and China sought to reduce Western economic control and cultural influence -revolutions were active anti-Western sentiment and attacks on Western investments -Stalinism went on attack against decadent Western cultural influences
Questions 1. Internal and external forces that weaked the governments of Mecixo and China in the opening decades consisted of peasants who continuously provided contributions to revolutions and their resentment of landowners, modern state forms increased taxes, disruptions of Industrial Revolution and the Western-centered market system with producers being thrown out of work, etc. In addition, Western-educated African and Asians in colonies became committed to struggles for independence and there was a very strong desire amongst intellectuals that the human society could be perfected. Lastly, they felt the need to come up to date with Western influence and reassert national autonomy. 2. The key social groups behind the revolution consisted of peasants, landowners, Western-educated Africans and Asians in the colonies, and intellectuals. The peasants were significant because they served vital contribution to the revolution.
Russia
2. Take outline notes on Russia (25 points) (25 pages) Revolution in Russia p681-685 Main Idea: Revolution occurred in Russia due to wartime unhappiness and resulted in some failed solutions to the problems. · Outbursts spurred by wartime unhappiness and food shortages sparked in Russia in March 1917, protested conditions against incomplete rural reform, took over the city · Govt struggled to rule—launched revolution where Alexander Kerensky sought parliamentary rule, religious freedoms, political changes, eager to maintain war effort that linked them with France and Britain · Nov- second revolution took place due to population unrest—expelled leadership and renamed Communist party · Lenin gained strong position among urban workers councils · Faced major problems—the war, signed peace treaty with Germany and gave up huge sections of western Russia, ignored at Versailles peace conference · Creation of the Council of People’s Commissars. Communist party maintained control to 1989 · World was appalled at communist success- threatened principles of property and freedom · Internal civil war from 1918 to 1921—common cause against communist regime, efforts aided b y economic distress. Famine and unemployment fueled civil war Stalinism in the Soviet Union p698-703 Main Idea: Joseph Stalin acquired totalitarian rule during his reign in Russia and brought them towards an industrialized society. · Soviet Union buffered from Depression— The Soviets economy collapsed · Stalin wanted to make the Soviet Union a fully industrial society with full control of the state—included tolerance for private businesses in 1920s to reverse the experimental mood Economic policies · big program to collectivize agriculture in 1928 Collectivization —large, state-run farms—peasants were pushed to join by Communist party · Collectivization also allowed control over peasants and resources were taken from them through taxation to provide capital for industry · Peasantsà laborers welcomed opportunity to have land but some refused to cooperate—result = famine, kulaks killed or deported to Siberia · Collective farms allowed normally adequate minimal food supplies if the transition period ended · Five-year plans set clear priorities from Stalin for industrial development, like expected output levels and new facilities—metallurgy, mining, and electric power factories were established to make the Soviet industrial country free from dependence of Western-dominated world · Stalin relied on formal, centralized resource allocation to distribute equipment and supplies Toward an Industrial Society · Industrialization process in Soviet Union produced results West-like—increasing numbers of people crowded into cities, factory discipline was strict, incentive procedures were introduced to motivate workers to higher production, communist policy established a network of welfare services, workers had meeting houses and recreational programs, protection in cases of illness and old age · Strikes were outlawed and the sole trade union movement was controlled by the party · Recognized importance of maintain worker support Totalitarian Rule · Stalinism brought new controls over intellectual life, like in the arts, insisted on uplifting styles to differ from Western art themes · Artists and writers risked exile to Siberian prison camps if they did not listen · Socialist Realism was the dominant school that emphasized heroic idealization of the people of the society · Science was controlled—evolutionary biology was wrong · Stalin combined industrialization program with government police procedures—used party and apparatus to monopolize power · 1937-1938 people were intimidated into confessing imaginary crimes against state and put to death or sent to Siberian labor camps · Party congresses and meetings of the executive committee called Politburo were rubber stamps · Soviet Union was allowed to enter the League of Nations because of reestablishment of diplomatic relations with major nations · Stalin hoped to cooperate with Western democracies to block German threat · Soviet Union signed agreement with Hitler to avoid war in 1939 that enabled Soviet troops to attack eastern Poland to regain territories
Eastern Europe after WWII p750-759 The Soviet Union as Superpower Main Idea: After World War 2, the Soviets set about Europe by regaining their terriroty, creating bombs, and Nazi control to make Russia a major world power. · 1945- Soviets wanted to regain tsarist boundaries · Revulsion at Germany’s invasions provoked desire to set up buffer zones · Industrialization and its WW2 push caused for it to be a world wide superpower · Soviet participation in war against Japan gave opportunity to seize islands in northern Pacific · North Korea was controlled with communist regime · Growing military and economic strength gave postwar Soviet Union leverage in Middle East, Africa, Latin America · Atomic and hydrogen bomb creations added to world power status The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe · Worldwide influence w/ trade and cultural missions across every continent · In Europe the Soviets intended to stay—their small nations failed to establish independent economies or political systems, added with Nazi attack, therefore falling under their control · 1945 force in eastern Europe was the soviets who pushed Germans back and remade the map—opposition parties were crushed · Standard development dynamic emerged in Europe where regimes attacked possible power rivals including the Roman Catholic church · Trading zone separated from larger trends of international commerce · After NATO establishment, European nations were enfolded in common defense alliance · New Soviet system created tensions in controls in East Germany, widespread exodus to Western Germany, the soviets built Berlin Wall to stem the flow · Relaxation of Stalinism occurred in 1956 where liberal communist leaders arose · Soviets accepted a new leader in Poland, they were allowed to halt agricultural collectivization to establish peasant ownership · Soviet control of eastern Europe loosened in general because of the heavy-handed repression considerable prestige · Governments were allowed freedom in economic policy and roam in culture · Limits of experimentation in eastern Europe were brought home in 1968 where a liberal regime came to power in Czechoslovakia, they expelled reformers and new leader · Challenge erupted from Poland called Solidarity, Catholic unrest and independent labor movement—Polish army took over the state and were under Soviet supervision · 1980s eastern Europe was transformed by communist rule completely, social revolution brought economic change and social upheaval, remaking of peasant masses through collectivization, new systems of education Evolution of Domestic policies Main Idea: Political structure continued to emphasize central controls and omnipresent party bureaucracy. · Soviet Union Stalinist system was intact during postwar years—growing nationalism and communist loyalty · Soviets fearful of the US aggressiveness agreed strong govt was necessary, helped support Stalin’s rigorous efforts to shield Soviet populations from foreigners and their ideas · Political structure continued to emphasize central controls and omnipresent party bureaucracy · Moscow-based national economy, steady education, welfare, and police operations expanded the bureaucracy · Growing educational opportunities allowed talented people to rise · Party membership was kept low and new candidates had to be nominated by party members Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions Main Idea: New beliefs were acquired in Russia such as emphasis on science as opposed to religion and social structure was divided by importance of class lines. · Soviet government had many functions, reached out for loyalty from their citizens · Active cultural-wise—church, tsarist days · Regime declared war on Orthodox church seeking to shape a secular population that had a Marxist, scientific orthodoxy · The new regime limited the church’s outreach—did not give religious instruction anyone under 18 and schools preached the doctrine that religion was superstition, limited freedom of religion for Jews, gave some latitude to Muslims *traditional religious orientation of Soviet society declined in favor of science and Marxist explanations of history. Church attendance decreased · Attacked modern Western art styles as well as literature. Jazz and rock music bands emerged · Literature remained diverse and creative, authors wrote about the travails of WW2. Authors critical of aspects of the Soviet regime maintained Russian values, like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn who was exiled to the US after his trilogy on Siberian prison camps entitled the Gulag Archipelago · Great emphasis on science and social science—scientists had a lot of power and the social aspect was dominated by the Marxist theory. Scientific research included physics, chemistry, and math · 20th-century Society culture was not traditional or Western- utilized art forms in common with the West Economy and Society · Fully industrial society- 20s to 50s—due to manufacturing growth and rise of urban populations · Eastern Europe modernization- state control of all economic sectors · Eastern Europe did not develop a kind of consumer society that characterized the West—living standards improved, welfare services provided security · Industrialization led to environmental effects- waste was dumped and a quarter of territory was degraded—health damages to citizens · Communist system failed to fix problems with agriculture, diverted to armaments and heavy industry, climate was a major factor · Eastern European echoed a number of the themes of contemporary Western social history, work rhythms—speed pace of work, have supervision · Social structure (close to Westerns’) importance of rural population—divided urban society along class lines, workers and an educated middle class · Soviet family—massive movements to cities enhanced nuclear family unity. Birth rate decreased. Better diets and medical care, better schooling, falling infant death rates, all led to large families · Parents took great care and attention to promoting their healthy children’s education and getting them good careers and jobs · Soviet propagandists took pride in their women—they worked, dominated some professions like in medicine De-Stalinization Main Idea: As stalinism was unwinding, new foreign policy problems posed, work motivation was non-existent, and the economy deteriorated. · Rigid government apparatus created by Stalin was put to a test after his death in 1953 · Jockeying for power developed among candidates- but system maintained · Ruling committee balanced interest groups, the army, the police, and party apparatus—encouraged conservatism · Khrushchev emerged with power, attacked Stalinism for its concentration of power—in a speech, he condemned Stalin for treatment o political opponents · de-Stalinization suggested a tolerant political climate · intellectuals raised new issues, like dealing with Stalinist excesses · Khrushchev’s fail in extending the state-directed initiative led to his downfall · Cold war policies eased—Khrushchev was competitive, with the US and their missiles, etc. · Soviet leadership built up and added rocketry and bolstered by it successful space program—maintained a lead in space flights with great technical ability · New foreign policy problems, Soviet union experienced growing rift with China, Egypt turned their backs on them a well · Work motivation and discipline problems occurred- many workers had no desire due to absence of abundant consumer goods. Alcoholism sparked · Observers thought Soviet Union remained established with police control, vigorous propaganda, popular pride in Soviet achievements · Society unglued once economic conditions deteriorated
Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s p841-847 Main Idea: 1985 on, Soviet Union entered a reform era matched by political movements in eastern Europe that dismantled the Soviet empire. · 1985 on, Soviet Union entered a reform era matched by political movements in eastern Europe that dismantled the Soviet empire · Bad economic performance intensified by costs of military rivalry with the US · Economy was grinding to standstill-forced industrialization produced extensive environmental deterioration · Industrial production dropped, bad health problems and poor work morals emerged The Age of Reform Main Idea: To reform Russia, Gorbachev opened the Soviet Union to participation in the world economy, such as letting McDonalds enter the country. · Problems provoked response beyond repression · Gorbachev a young official, renewed earlier attacks on Stalinist rigidity by conveying new Western style dressing in fashionable clothes, press conferences, and urged reduction in nuclear armament, limited missiles in Europe with US in 1987 · Policy of Glasnost emerged from Gorbachev, implied new freedom to comment and criticize, his reforms remained difficult to assess · His policies constituted return to ambivalence about the West, reduced Soviet isolation but continued to criticize aspects of Western political and social structure · Opened Soviet Union to fuller participation in the world economy, openness brought cultural changes like McDonalds fast food restaurants · Economic restructuring called Perestroika was translated into more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture · Constitution in 1988 gave power to parliament, faster pace of reform introduced · Muslims and Christians rioted in the south against the central state, Baltic nations stirred as well Dismantling the Soviet Empire Main Idea: As prices rose and a tensions grew with the market economy, the Soviet Union was coming to a halt. · Better relations approach by Gorbachev prompted results for other states—Bulgaria moved for economic liberalization in 1987 by held back by Soviets · New constitution and free elections were planned · Prices rose as govt subsidies were withdrawn · Berlin Wall dismantled, German unification led to sign of collapse of postwar Soviet foreign policy · Only in Romania was there violence—in Bulgaria, the Communist party retained considerable power through new leaders · New divergences in extent of reform exacerbated by clashes among nationalists · Future plans were unpredictable, new govts fully defined their constitutional structure · Tension over results of the intro of the market economy in Poland brought rising unemployment and price increases · Massive change in Soviet policy was clear—postwar imperialism was reversed, new contacts w/ Western nations promised realignment Renewed Turmoil in the 1990s Main Idea: A new president, Putin, vowed to clean up the corruption and install effective government controls. · Attempted coup was mounted by military and police elements—Gorbachev’s presidency and democratic decentralization were threatened · Authority weakened and Russian Republic grew strong · 2 Baltic states used occasion to gain independence · Leaders of major republics, like Yeltsin , proclaimed Soviet Union end, Gorbachev fell from power taken over by Yeltsin, who as president of Russia used force to bring Russia’s parliament under control · New president named Putin vowed to clean up corruption and install effective govt controls over separate provinces, sponsored attacks on dissident TV stations and papers · Soviet Union (former) gave way to the Commonwealth of the Independent States, tensions surfaced though of economic coordination
4. Write a thesis statement for the following questions (10 points) · Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present - Leaders through the years sought for governments revolving from parliamentary to bureaucratic political systems, all the while with the Communist party maintaining control up until 1989. Group Thesis Statement-->The Russian political system harbored a strong bureaucracy and enforced political reforms, however they emerged liberal democracy after Boris Yeltsin proclaimed the end of the Soviet Union in 1991. · Analyze the changes in Russian Society from 1914 to the present - The Russian Society was completely industrial in the 20s and 50s due to manufacturing growth, which in turn led to alterations in environmental disruption, Western-inspired work rhythms, and an increase of family attention.
China from 1912-Present (20 points) Toward Revolution in China 685-689 Main Idea:Loose alliance of students, middle class politicians, secret societies attracted to a western political model. · Abdication of Puyi marked end of a losing struggle on Qing dynasty to protect Chinese civilization from invaders · Fall of the Qing opened way for extended struggle over which leader or movement would be able to capture the mandate to rule the ancient society · Loose alliance of students, middle class politicians, secret societies attracted to a western political model · Many warlords combined in cliques to protect their own territories—most powerful led by Yuan Shikai who hoped to seize vacated Manchu throne and new dynasty · University students and teachers and independent intellectuals provided another factor in complex post-Qing political equation—shaped new ideologies to rebuild Chinese civilization and were defenseless in a situation in which force was essential to those who hoped to exert political influence · Japanese played a major role in the contest for mastery of China China’s May Fourth Movement Main Idea: The May Fourth Movement was held in 1919 in which intellectuals aimed at trasnforming China into a liberal democracy. · Sun Yat-sen headed the Revolutionary Alliance, a coalition of anti-Qing political groups that spearheaded 1911 revolt · The Revolutionary Alliance had little power and no popular support-elected Sun president, set up a parliament modeled after those in Europe, chose cabinets with great fanfare · Yuan had the best chance to unify China under a single government- feigned sympathy for democratic aims of alliance leaders, revealed his true intentions, took foreign loans to build up military forces, but out bureaucrats in Beijing · Schemes were foiled by rivalry of other warlords · Japan entered the war on the Western allied powers side, they seized German-held islands and occupied their areas in China · Japan solidified its hold on northern China by winning control of the former German concessions in the peace negotiations at Versailles in 1919—China had also allied themselves to the Entente powers during the war, therefore angered by the betrayal of Entente powers, students and politicians organized mass demonstrations in numerous Chinese cities, marches, petitions, strikes, boycotts of Japanese goods · May 4, 1919 became called the May Fourth Movement in which intellectuals and students played a leading role, aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy. Confucianism was ridiculed, Chinese thinkers called for liberation of women, simplification of Chinese script, promotion of Western-style individualism · Could not provide effective solutions to China’s problems despite enthusiasm · Bolshevik victory and programs launched to rebuild Russia motivated Chinese to give attention to works of Marx, most influential of Marxist ideology reworking was Li DaZhao who headed the study circle that developed—placed emphasis on capacity for promoting renewal and its ability to harness energy and vitality of a nation’s youth, China needed to unite and rise up · Mao Zedong Joined Li’s study circle and shared his hostility to merchants and commerce, longed for a return for political system, committed to social reform · 1921, attempt to unify the Marxist wing of nationalist struggle met in secret, offered alternative to fill ideological and institutional void left by Confucian collapse The Seizure of Power by China’s Guomindang Main Idea:Nationalists wanted to slow process of forging alliances with key social groups and build an army to rid China of the warlord menace, however they failed to implement most of domestic programs they propose. · The Guomindang, Nationalist Party, to prove communists’ great rival for mandate to rule in China struggled to survive · Sun Yat-sen went into temporary exile in Japan, and in his return he attempted to unify the diverse political organizations struggling for political influence in China · Nationalists wanted to slow process of forging alliances with key social groups and build an army to rid China of the warlord menace, however they failed to implement most of domestic programs they proposed · An alliance with the communists official proclaimed at Nationalist party in 1924 · 1924 Whampoa Military Academy was founded w/ Soviet help and staffed by Russians, gave Nationalists military dimension to political maneuvering, head was named Chiang Kai-Shek, who wasn’t happy with the communist alliance, willing do deal with communists and warlords however · 90 percent of the population suffered from misery due to economy deterioration, as well as famine and disease, Sun gave up his service to the Nationalist party to tend to the peasants problems, but his ignorance was revealed through his words Mao and the Peasant Option Main idea: Mao took a strong focus on peasantry in 20th century China, believing that they were they key to a solid government. · Mao rebelled early in his life against his father’s exploitation of the tenants and laborers who worked in the family fields—he made his own way in the world · Mao came under influence of thinkers like Li Dazhhao who had emphasis on solutions to the peasant problem as a key of China’s survival · Nationalists’ successful drive for national power began after Sun’s death in 1925. Chiand marched north with his armies and his first campaign was the seizure of the Yangtze River valley in 1927 · Late 1920s he was the master of China and head of a warlord hierarchy · Turned against the communists and attacked them, involving a massacre in Shanghai in 1927- attack on the communist rural stronghold in China caused Mao to spearhead a Long March in 1934 to the northwest were the new communist center evolved
Mao’s China and Beyond 823-830 Main Idea: Mao made peasants the key in his drive for power as well as land reforms, access to education and improved health care. · Chiang Kai-shek’s anticommunist crusade was interrupted by Japanese invasion of Chinese mainland · He formed a military alliance with the communists and did everything possible to undermine the alliance and continue the anticommunist struggle by underhanded means · Japanese invasion was enormously advantageous for the Communist party · Chiang’s conventional military forces were beaten by superior air, land, and sea forces by the Japanese; unable to pull out success · Guerilla warfare the communists waged against Japanese armies was very effective, communists used anti-Japanese campaigns to extend control over areas of north China and controlled the main cities there, 4 year civil war that followed the shift in communists’ favor in China ended—Chiang and remaining army proclaimed establishment of thePeople’s Republic of China · Social and economic reform programs won majority of peasantry—Mao made peasants the key in his drive for power as well as land reforms, access to education and improved health care · Mao and soldiers had a better chance of surviving than the Nationalist foot soldiers, commander Lin Biao and Mao proved to be more gifted than the corrupt and inept Nationalist generals · Communists convinced the Chinese people that the leaders and the program could improve lives The Communists Come to Power Main Idea: Chinese intervened militarily in conflict between North and South Korea that was significant in forcing the US to settle for a stalemate and division of the peninsula. · Organization rooted in the party cades and People’s Liberation Army—continuing importance of the army was indicated by the fact that most of China was administered by military officials for five years after the communists came to power · Communists moved quickly to assert China’s traditional preeminence in east and much of southeast Asia · Chinese intervened militarily in conflict between North and South Korea that was significant in forcing the US to settle for a stalemate and division of the peninsula · Close collaboration between he Soviet Union and China marked the early years of Mao’s rule · Border disputes focusing on territories the Russians seized during period of Qing decline and the Chinese refusal to play second to Russia were the main causes of the split Planning for Economic Growth and Social Injustice Main Idea: Communist leaders turned away from peasantry. · New china leaders- first priority to complete social revolution—landlord class were dispossessed and purged, village tribunals gave tenants and laborers a chance to get even for decades of oppression · Communist planners saw quick industrialization, not peasant farmers · Communist leaders turned away from peasantry · State planning and centralization were stressed, party bureaucrats greatly increased their power and influence, urban-based privileged class of technocrats developed · Mao had a hostility toward elitism which he associated with discredited Confucian system, distrusted intellectuals, disliked specialization, believed peasants rather than he workers as the repository · The Mass Line approach began with formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955, they became farming collectives that accounted for 90 percent of China’s peasant population · 1957 Mao struck the intellectuals through miscalculation, encouraged professors and artists to speak out on their course of development under communist rule—stirred anger The Great Leap Backward Main Idea: Despite Mao's Great Leap Forward program, backwardness did not help the country's well-being. · Launched the Great Leap Forward in 1958 (Mao) programs were a further effort to revitalize the revolution by restoring its mass, rural base · Industrialization would be pushed through small projects, industrial development would be aimed at producing tractors, enormous publicity was given to efforts to produce steel · Mao preached benefits of backwardness and wanted to rid the bureaucracy, placed self-reliance within peasant communes · Indicators suggested the Great Leap Forward and collectivization were a step backward, famine spread and they had to import grain to feed · Chinese added people to a massive population base and had 550 million people by the time the communist rose to power · Environmental degradation and overcrowding, the party ideologues came around to the view that something must be done to curb the birth rate- govt launched nationwide family planning campaign to limit couples to 2 children and then shortened to 1 child per family · Advances were lost through blunders, productivity fell by 25 percent · Pragmatists like Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqui, Deng Ziaophing came to power to restore state direction “Women Hold up Half of the Heavens” Main Idea: Women were given right to choose their marriage partners without familial interference, and were required to have a regular job as well as raise the family, clean, etc. · Jiang Qing, the wife of Mao, played a significant role- drew on a well-established revolutionary tradition due to women’s activeness in previous rebellions, revolts, and revolutions · Attempts by Nationalists to reverse many of gains made by women in early revolution brought many women to the communist camp · Immoral for a wife to criticize her husband · Restore Chinese women to traditional domestic roles contrasted with communists’ extensive employment of women to advance the revolutionary cause—they were teachers, nurses, spies, truck drivers, laborers · Some became soldiers in wars and helped contribute to the victory of the revolutionary cause · Legal equality with men was established, women were given right to choose their marriage partners without familial interference, women were required to have a regular job as well as raise the family, clean, etc. Mao’s Last campaign and the Fall of the Gang of Four Main Idea:Mao’s death and Zhou Enlai’s death cleared the way for open clash between rival factions. · Mao worked to try for another renewal for revolutionary struggle, opposed efforts of pragmatist allies to scale back the communes—his last campaign would be the Cultural Revolution · The Red Guard student brigades ridiculed and abused Mao’s political rivals, some were killed or imprisoned · Those not imprisoned or killed were forced to do manual labor on rural communes to make them see the hardships of China’s peasants · Reconciliation of China and the US that was negotiated suggest that pragmatists gained the upper hand over ideologues. Deng’s growing role in policy formation was a setback for Jiang who led the Gang of Four that had increasing power on aging Mao · Mao’s death and Zhou Enlai’s death cleared the way for open clash between rival factions, Gang of Four were arrested for trying to seize control of the government · Pragmatists have been ascendant and leaders opened China to western influences and capitalist development · Despite economic setbacks, political turmoil, low level of foreign assistance, communists managed truly revolutionary redistribution of the wealth of the country—China’s population is poor but better in terms of health care, education, housing, conditions, food, etc.
6. Read add take brief notes on Democratic Protest and Repression in China 848-849 – Answer the questions at the end of the document (5 points) -calling everyone to mobilize in the emergency and adopt resolute measures to curb turmoil to restore normal order in China -situation became turbulent, more students got involved, many institutions of higher learning have come to a standstill -student health is deteriorating and their lives are in danger, hunger strikes -government took measures to treat the fasting students -students simply want reform, develop democracy and overcome corruption -idea of the *people’s* government 1. Li Peng objects to the protest movement because law and discipline have been undermined. He also believes that the society is being corrupted. 2. Li Peng tries to persuade ordinary Chinese that the protest should cease by mentioning the starving students and their reasons for wanting democracy, as well as pointing out how the government is too tolerant of the children. 3. Arguments that resemble those many governments use against protest consist of 4. Arguments that reflect distinct Chinese traditions or communist values consist of 5. The Chinese decided to repress political democracy because they wanted to give tolerance towards the youth and children of their society and not hurt good people.
7. Complete a leadership analysis on Mao Zedong (5 points)
8. Write a thesis statement for the following questions (10 points) · Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese politics from 1914 to the present -While the world was establishing allies with countries from all over, China had altering governments and leaders, for example a single government that feigned sympathy for democratic aims of alliance leaders, yet persisted communism. Group Thesis Statement--> Between 1914 and today, China experienced many changes in politics. The most important changes included · Analyze the changes in Chinese Society from 1914 to the present -While Chinese leaders’ first priority was to complete the social revolution in the early 1900s, industrialization and peasantry aspects altered
Comparison
Write an outline in the structure provided for the two essays below – You will receive a score based on the AP rubric. This part will be a quiz grade
10.
Comparison
Write an outline in the structure provided for the two essays below – You will receive a score based on the AP rubric. This part will be a quiz grade
9. Essay 1: Compare 20th Century political developments in China and Russia. Thesis Statement: Although the detailed aspects of China and Russia’s communism differed, they shared the same type of government in the 20th century.
--China remained a totalitarian government while Russia transformed into a democracy
Between _ and _, --> Although _ and _ were similar in that they , there were also major/minor differences in _,_, and ___.
Topic Sentence #1: China had a focus on peasantry, while Russia had a focus on industrialization. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis- Stalin wanted Russia to be like the west and completely industrialize. Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence- Mao established the Great Leap Forward to help peasants Analysis of Direct Comparison Despite both the Russian and Chinese shared communist values, both focused on two entirely different aspects to make their government thrive.
Topic Sentence #2: With the deaths of their key leaders in Russia and China, both could not maintain their societies. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Stalin diedà USSR deteriorated starting with their economy Mao diedà government westernized and did not carry on with communism in their society Analysis of Direct Comparison Key leaders were extremely important in sustaining a country/society’s well-being. Therefore, take away the key leader, and there is chaos and confusion on where to go next.
Topic Sentence #3: While it was a breeze to Russia to gain power, Chinese communists struggled in their attempt from their citizens. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Great Leap Forward Five Year Plan Mao's Little Red Book and New Economic Policy The chinese communists fought the nationalists, Long March Russians communists- Russian government was weaker than China’s was pre communist Analysis of Direct Comparison China’s process of gaining power was extremely chaotic and faced many more opposition from its citizens than the Russian did.
10. Essay 2: Compare and Contrast 20th Social developments in China and Russia. Be sure to discuss the changing roles of women
Thesis Statement: While Russia and China differed in the periods when women were given more rights, both contained solid support for communism from their citizens.
Topic Sentence #1: Russia and China had support from their citizens for the communism type of government. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Mao Zedong in China continued revolutionary dedication with people who were inspired The Russia government was able to gather support for its industrial movements Analysis of Direct Comparison Although they had different reasons, China and Russia had the same type of support.
Topic Sentence #2: Most nations had a hate of the west Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Stalin was very anti west, he banned western style arts and sciences Mao was also anti west, disliked them because they were capitalists Analysis of Direct Comparison Both nations held and intense dislike of the west, mainly for how politically and economically different it was from these two nations
Topic Sentence #3: Women and their roles played a large part in both the societies of China and Russia in the 20th century. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence in China, women’s rights was one of the main points of Mao’s party, and women were granted equal rights under him, this contrasted with the Nationalist party, which wanted a return to the “traditional” roles of women Women worked as nurses, teachers, spies, in medicine, etc. and were still expected to maintain the house by cooking, cleaning, and raising the children. Both believed that women should have roles in society, not just in the household.
-the early 20th century upheavels were just the first waves of a revolutionary tide that struck with renewed fury after 1945
-rural discontent was crucial, peasants provided big contributions to revolutions
-peasants were spurred by pressure of population growth and resentment towards big landowners
-modern state forms tended to increase taxes on peasants
-rise of revolotionary movement was fed by disruptions caused by spread of Industrial Revolutioni and western-centered market system
-handicraft owners were thrown out of work, peasants lost their land to money owners
-unemployed Western-educated African and Asian secondary school and college graduates became deeply committed to struggles for independce that promised them dignity and good jobs
-global economic slumps did fire the revolutionary desires, world wars proved to be fertile seedbeds of revolution
-soldiers and veterans provided the shock troops for leftist revolutionaries and fascist pretenders alike
-economic competition and militqary rivalries of the industrial powers drew them into unwanted wars that could not be sustained
-key factor to uprising of revolutions was intellectual climate that was underlying
-progress and belief in that humans could be perfect were widespread and influenced communists such as Marx, Lenin, Mao Zedong, and Ho Chi Minh
-overthrow existing regimes they viewed exploitive and decent livelihood to previously downtrodden social groups
-common ingredient of 20th centurty revolutions was need to come to terms with Western influence and to reassert greater national autonomy
-Mexico, Russia, and China sought to reduce Western economic control and cultural influence
-revolutions were active anti-Western sentiment and attacks on Western investments
-Stalinism went on attack against decadent Western cultural influences
Questions
1. Internal and external forces that weaked the governments of Mecixo and China in the opening decades consisted of peasants who continuously provided contributions to revolutions and their resentment of landowners, modern state forms increased taxes, disruptions of Industrial Revolution and the Western-centered market system with producers being thrown out of work, etc. In addition, Western-educated African and Asians in colonies became committed to struggles for independence and there was a very strong desire amongst intellectuals that the human society could be perfected. Lastly, they felt the need to come up to date with Western influence and reassert national autonomy.
2. The key social groups behind the revolution consisted of peasants, landowners, Western-educated Africans and Asians in the colonies, and intellectuals. The peasants were significant because they served vital contribution to the revolution.
Russia
2. Take outline notes on Russia (25 points) (25 pages)
Revolution in Russia p681-685
Main Idea: Revolution occurred in Russia due to wartime unhappiness and resulted in some failed solutions to the problems.
· Outbursts spurred by wartime unhappiness and food shortages sparked in Russia in March 1917, protested conditions against incomplete rural reform, took over the city
· Govt struggled to rule—launched revolution where Alexander Kerensky sought parliamentary rule, religious freedoms, political changes, eager to maintain war effort that linked them with France and Britain
· Nov- second revolution took place due to population unrest—expelled leadership and renamed Communist party
· Lenin gained strong position among urban workers councils
· Faced major problems—the war, signed peace treaty with Germany and gave up huge sections of western Russia, ignored at Versailles peace conference
· Creation of the Council of People’s Commissars. Communist party maintained control to 1989
· World was appalled at communist success- threatened principles of property and freedom
· Internal civil war from 1918 to 1921—common cause against communist regime, efforts aided b y economic distress. Famine and unemployment fueled civil war
Stalinism in the Soviet Union p698-703
Main Idea: Joseph Stalin acquired totalitarian rule during his reign in Russia and brought them towards an industrialized society.
· Soviet Union buffered from Depression— The Soviets economy collapsed
· Stalin wanted to make the Soviet Union a fully industrial society with full control of the state—included tolerance for private businesses in 1920s to reverse the experimental mood
Economic policies
· big program to collectivize agriculture in 1928 Collectivization —large, state-run farms—peasants were pushed to join by Communist party
· Collectivization also allowed control over peasants and resources were taken from them through taxation to provide capital for industry
· Peasantsà laborers welcomed opportunity to have land but some refused to cooperate—result = famine, kulaks killed or deported to Siberia
· Collective farms allowed normally adequate minimal food supplies if the transition period ended
· Five-year plans set clear priorities from Stalin for industrial development, like expected output levels and new facilities—metallurgy, mining, and electric power factories were established to make the Soviet industrial country free from dependence of Western-dominated world
· Stalin relied on formal, centralized resource allocation to distribute equipment and supplies
Toward an Industrial Society
· Industrialization process in Soviet Union produced results West-like—increasing numbers of people crowded into cities, factory discipline was strict, incentive procedures were introduced to motivate workers to higher production, communist policy established a network of welfare services, workers had meeting houses and recreational programs, protection in cases of illness and old age
· Strikes were outlawed and the sole trade union movement was controlled by the party
· Recognized importance of maintain worker support
Totalitarian Rule
· Stalinism brought new controls over intellectual life, like in the arts, insisted on uplifting styles to differ from Western art themes
· Artists and writers risked exile to Siberian prison camps if they did not listen
· Socialist Realism was the dominant school that emphasized heroic idealization of the people of the society
· Science was controlled—evolutionary biology was wrong
· Stalin combined industrialization program with government police procedures—used party and apparatus to monopolize power
· 1937-1938 people were intimidated into confessing imaginary crimes against state and put to death or sent to Siberian labor camps
· Party congresses and meetings of the executive committee called Politburo were rubber stamps
· Soviet Union was allowed to enter the League of Nations because of reestablishment of diplomatic relations with major nations
· Stalin hoped to cooperate with Western democracies to block German threat
· Soviet Union signed agreement with Hitler to avoid war in 1939 that enabled Soviet troops to attack eastern Poland to regain territories
Eastern Europe after WWII p750-759
The Soviet Union as Superpower
Main Idea: After World War 2, the Soviets set about Europe by regaining their terriroty, creating bombs, and Nazi control to make Russia a major world power.
· 1945- Soviets wanted to regain tsarist boundaries
· Revulsion at Germany’s invasions provoked desire to set up buffer zones
· Industrialization and its WW2 push caused for it to be a world wide superpower
· Soviet participation in war against Japan gave opportunity to seize islands in northern Pacific
· North Korea was controlled with communist regime
· Growing military and economic strength gave postwar Soviet Union leverage in Middle East, Africa, Latin America
· Atomic and hydrogen bomb creations added to world power status
The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe
· Worldwide influence w/ trade and cultural missions across every continent
· In Europe the Soviets intended to stay—their small nations failed to establish independent economies or political systems, added with Nazi attack, therefore falling under their control
· 1945 force in eastern Europe was the soviets who pushed Germans back and remade the map—opposition parties were crushed
· Standard development dynamic emerged in Europe where regimes attacked possible power rivals including the Roman Catholic church
· Trading zone separated from larger trends of international commerce
· After NATO establishment, European nations were enfolded in common defense alliance
· New Soviet system created tensions in controls in East Germany, widespread exodus to Western Germany, the soviets built Berlin Wall to stem the flow
· Relaxation of Stalinism occurred in 1956 where liberal communist leaders arose
· Soviets accepted a new leader in Poland, they were allowed to halt agricultural collectivization to establish peasant ownership
· Soviet control of eastern Europe loosened in general because of the heavy-handed repression considerable prestige
· Governments were allowed freedom in economic policy and roam in culture
· Limits of experimentation in eastern Europe were brought home in 1968 where a liberal regime came to power in Czechoslovakia, they expelled reformers and new leader
· Challenge erupted from Poland called Solidarity, Catholic unrest and independent labor movement—Polish army took over the state and were under Soviet supervision
· 1980s eastern Europe was transformed by communist rule completely, social revolution brought economic change and social upheaval, remaking of peasant masses through collectivization, new systems of education
Evolution of Domestic policies
Main Idea: Political structure continued to emphasize central controls and omnipresent party bureaucracy.
· Soviet Union Stalinist system was intact during postwar years—growing nationalism and communist loyalty
· Soviets fearful of the US aggressiveness agreed strong govt was necessary, helped support Stalin’s rigorous efforts to shield Soviet populations from foreigners and their ideas
· Political structure continued to emphasize central controls and omnipresent party bureaucracy
· Moscow-based national economy, steady education, welfare, and police operations expanded the bureaucracy
· Growing educational opportunities allowed talented people to rise
· Party membership was kept low and new candidates had to be nominated by party members
Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions
Main Idea: New beliefs were acquired in Russia such as emphasis on science as opposed to religion and social structure was divided by importance of class lines.
· Soviet government had many functions, reached out for loyalty from their citizens
· Active cultural-wise—church, tsarist days
· Regime declared war on Orthodox church seeking to shape a secular population that had a Marxist, scientific orthodoxy
· The new regime limited the church’s outreach—did not give religious instruction anyone under 18 and schools preached the doctrine that religion was superstition, limited freedom of religion for Jews, gave some latitude to Muslims *traditional religious orientation of Soviet society declined in favor of science and Marxist explanations of history. Church attendance decreased
· Attacked modern Western art styles as well as literature. Jazz and rock music bands emerged
· Literature remained diverse and creative, authors wrote about the travails of WW2. Authors critical of aspects of the Soviet regime maintained Russian values, like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn who was exiled to the US after his trilogy on Siberian prison camps entitled the Gulag Archipelago
· Great emphasis on science and social science—scientists had a lot of power and the social aspect was dominated by the Marxist theory. Scientific research included physics, chemistry, and math
· 20th-century Society culture was not traditional or Western- utilized art forms in common with the West
Economy and Society
· Fully industrial society- 20s to 50s—due to manufacturing growth and rise of urban populations
· Eastern Europe modernization- state control of all economic sectors
· Eastern Europe did not develop a kind of consumer society that characterized the West—living standards improved, welfare services provided security
· Industrialization led to environmental effects- waste was dumped and a quarter of territory was degraded—health damages to citizens
· Communist system failed to fix problems with agriculture, diverted to armaments and heavy industry, climate was a major factor
· Eastern European echoed a number of the themes of contemporary Western social history, work rhythms—speed pace of work, have supervision
· Social structure (close to Westerns’) importance of rural population—divided urban society along class lines, workers and an educated middle class
· Soviet family—massive movements to cities enhanced nuclear family unity. Birth rate decreased. Better diets and medical care, better schooling, falling infant death rates, all led to large families
· Parents took great care and attention to promoting their healthy children’s education and getting them good careers and jobs
· Soviet propagandists took pride in their women—they worked, dominated some professions like in medicine
De-Stalinization
Main Idea: As stalinism was unwinding, new foreign policy problems posed, work motivation was non-existent, and the economy deteriorated.
· Rigid government apparatus created by Stalin was put to a test after his death in 1953
· Jockeying for power developed among candidates- but system maintained
· Ruling committee balanced interest groups, the army, the police, and party apparatus—encouraged conservatism
· Khrushchev emerged with power, attacked Stalinism for its concentration of power—in a speech, he condemned Stalin for treatment o political opponents
· de-Stalinization suggested a tolerant political climate
· intellectuals raised new issues, like dealing with Stalinist excesses
· Khrushchev’s fail in extending the state-directed initiative led to his downfall
· Cold war policies eased—Khrushchev was competitive, with the US and their missiles, etc.
· Soviet leadership built up and added rocketry and bolstered by it successful space program—maintained a lead in space flights with great technical ability
· New foreign policy problems, Soviet union experienced growing rift with China, Egypt turned their backs on them a well
· Work motivation and discipline problems occurred- many workers had no desire due to absence of abundant consumer goods. Alcoholism sparked
· Observers thought Soviet Union remained established with police control, vigorous propaganda, popular pride in Soviet achievements
· Society unglued once economic conditions deteriorated
Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s p841-847
Main Idea: 1985 on, Soviet Union entered a reform era matched by political movements in eastern Europe that dismantled the Soviet empire.
· 1985 on, Soviet Union entered a reform era matched by political movements in eastern Europe that dismantled the Soviet empire
· Bad economic performance intensified by costs of military rivalry with the US
· Economy was grinding to standstill-forced industrialization produced extensive environmental deterioration
· Industrial production dropped, bad health problems and poor work morals emerged
The Age of Reform
Main Idea: To reform Russia, Gorbachev opened the Soviet Union to participation in the world economy, such as letting McDonalds enter the country.
· Problems provoked response beyond repression
· Gorbachev a young official, renewed earlier attacks on Stalinist rigidity by conveying new Western style dressing in fashionable clothes, press conferences, and urged reduction in nuclear armament, limited missiles in Europe with US in 1987
· Policy of Glasnost emerged from Gorbachev, implied new freedom to comment and criticize, his reforms remained difficult to assess
· His policies constituted return to ambivalence about the West, reduced Soviet isolation but continued to criticize aspects of Western political and social structure
· Opened Soviet Union to fuller participation in the world economy, openness brought cultural changes like McDonalds fast food restaurants
· Economic restructuring called Perestroika was translated into more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture
· Constitution in 1988 gave power to parliament, faster pace of reform introduced
· Muslims and Christians rioted in the south against the central state, Baltic nations stirred as well
Dismantling the Soviet Empire
Main Idea: As prices rose and a tensions grew with the market economy, the Soviet Union was coming to a halt.
· Better relations approach by Gorbachev prompted results for other states—Bulgaria moved for economic liberalization in 1987 by held back by Soviets
· New constitution and free elections were planned
· Prices rose as govt subsidies were withdrawn
· Berlin Wall dismantled, German unification led to sign of collapse of postwar Soviet foreign policy
· Only in Romania was there violence—in Bulgaria, the Communist party retained considerable power through new leaders
· New divergences in extent of reform exacerbated by clashes among nationalists
· Future plans were unpredictable, new govts fully defined their constitutional structure
· Tension over results of the intro of the market economy in Poland brought rising unemployment and price increases
· Massive change in Soviet policy was clear—postwar imperialism was reversed, new contacts w/ Western nations promised realignment
Renewed Turmoil in the 1990s
Main Idea: A new president, Putin, vowed to clean up the corruption and install effective government controls.
· Attempted coup was mounted by military and police elements—Gorbachev’s presidency and democratic decentralization were threatened
· Authority weakened and Russian Republic grew strong
· 2 Baltic states used occasion to gain independence
· Leaders of major republics, like Yeltsin , proclaimed Soviet Union end, Gorbachev fell from power taken over by Yeltsin, who as president of Russia used force to bring Russia’s parliament under control
· New president named Putin vowed to clean up corruption and install effective govt controls over separate provinces, sponsored attacks on dissident TV stations and papers
· Soviet Union (former) gave way to the Commonwealth of the Independent States, tensions surfaced though of economic coordination
4. Write a thesis statement for the following questions (10 points)
· Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present
- Leaders through the years sought for governments revolving from parliamentary to bureaucratic political systems, all the while with the Communist party maintaining control up until 1989.
Group Thesis Statement-->The Russian political system harbored a strong bureaucracy and enforced political reforms, however they emerged liberal democracy after Boris Yeltsin proclaimed the end of the Soviet Union in 1991.
· Analyze the changes in Russian Society from 1914 to the present
- The Russian Society was completely industrial in the 20s and 50s due to manufacturing growth, which in turn led to alterations in environmental disruption, Western-inspired work rhythms, and an increase of family attention.
China from 1912-Present (20 points)
Toward Revolution in China 685-689
Main Idea:Loose alliance of students, middle class politicians, secret societies attracted to a western political model.
· Abdication of Puyi marked end of a losing struggle on Qing dynasty to protect Chinese civilization from invaders
· Fall of the Qing opened way for extended struggle over which leader or movement would be able to capture the mandate to rule the ancient society
· Loose alliance of students, middle class politicians, secret societies attracted to a western political model
· Many warlords combined in cliques to protect their own territories—most powerful led by Yuan Shikai who hoped to seize vacated Manchu throne and new dynasty
· University students and teachers and independent intellectuals provided another factor in complex post-Qing political equation—shaped new ideologies to rebuild Chinese civilization and were defenseless in a situation in which force was essential to those who hoped to exert political influence
· Japanese played a major role in the contest for mastery of China
China’s May Fourth Movement
Main Idea: The May Fourth Movement was held in 1919 in which intellectuals aimed at trasnforming China into a liberal democracy.
· Sun Yat-sen headed the Revolutionary Alliance, a coalition of anti-Qing political groups that spearheaded 1911 revolt
· The Revolutionary Alliance had little power and no popular support-elected Sun president, set up a parliament modeled after those in Europe, chose cabinets with great fanfare
· Yuan had the best chance to unify China under a single government- feigned sympathy for democratic aims of alliance leaders, revealed his true intentions, took foreign loans to build up military forces, but out bureaucrats in Beijing
· Schemes were foiled by rivalry of other warlords
· Japan entered the war on the Western allied powers side, they seized German-held islands and occupied their areas in China
· Japan solidified its hold on northern China by winning control of the former German concessions in the peace negotiations at Versailles in 1919—China had also allied themselves to the Entente powers during the war, therefore angered by the betrayal of Entente powers, students and politicians organized mass demonstrations in numerous Chinese cities, marches, petitions, strikes, boycotts of Japanese goods
· May 4, 1919 became called the May Fourth Movement in which intellectuals and students played a leading role, aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy. Confucianism was ridiculed, Chinese thinkers called for liberation of women, simplification of Chinese script, promotion of Western-style individualism
· Could not provide effective solutions to China’s problems despite enthusiasm
· Bolshevik victory and programs launched to rebuild Russia motivated Chinese to give attention to works of Marx, most influential of Marxist ideology reworking was Li DaZhao who headed the study circle that developed—placed emphasis on capacity for promoting renewal and its ability to harness energy and vitality of a nation’s youth, China needed to unite and rise up
· Mao Zedong Joined Li’s study circle and shared his hostility to merchants and commerce, longed for a return for political system, committed to social reform
· 1921, attempt to unify the Marxist wing of nationalist struggle met in secret, offered alternative to fill ideological and institutional void left by Confucian collapse
The Seizure of Power by China’s Guomindang
Main Idea:Nationalists wanted to slow process of forging alliances with key social groups and build an army to rid China of the warlord menace, however they failed to implement most of domestic programs they propose.
· The Guomindang, Nationalist Party, to prove communists’ great rival for mandate to rule in China struggled to survive
· Sun Yat-sen went into temporary exile in Japan, and in his return he attempted to unify the diverse political organizations struggling for political influence in China
· Nationalists wanted to slow process of forging alliances with key social groups and build an army to rid China of the warlord menace, however they failed to implement most of domestic programs they proposed
· An alliance with the communists official proclaimed at Nationalist party in 1924
· 1924 Whampoa Military Academy was founded w/ Soviet help and staffed by Russians, gave Nationalists military dimension to political maneuvering, head was named Chiang Kai-Shek, who wasn’t happy with the communist alliance, willing do deal with communists and warlords however
· 90 percent of the population suffered from misery due to economy deterioration, as well as famine and disease, Sun gave up his service to the Nationalist party to tend to the peasants problems, but his ignorance was revealed through his words
Mao and the Peasant Option
Main idea: Mao took a strong focus on peasantry in 20th century China, believing that they were they key to a solid government.
· Mao rebelled early in his life against his father’s exploitation of the tenants and laborers who worked in the family fields—he made his own way in the world
· Mao came under influence of thinkers like Li Dazhhao who had emphasis on solutions to the peasant problem as a key of China’s survival
· Nationalists’ successful drive for national power began after Sun’s death in 1925. Chiand marched north with his armies and his first campaign was the seizure of the Yangtze River valley in 1927
· Late 1920s he was the master of China and head of a warlord hierarchy
· Turned against the communists and attacked them, involving a massacre in Shanghai in 1927- attack on the communist rural stronghold in China caused Mao to spearhead a Long March in 1934 to the northwest were the new communist center evolved
Mao’s China and Beyond 823-830
Main Idea: Mao made peasants the key in his drive for power as well as land reforms, access to education and improved health care.
· Chiang Kai-shek’s anticommunist crusade was interrupted by Japanese invasion of Chinese mainland
· He formed a military alliance with the communists and did everything possible to undermine the alliance and continue the anticommunist struggle by underhanded means
· Japanese invasion was enormously advantageous for the Communist party
· Chiang’s conventional military forces were beaten by superior air, land, and sea forces by the Japanese; unable to pull out success
· Guerilla warfare the communists waged against Japanese armies was very effective, communists used anti-Japanese campaigns to extend control over areas of north China and controlled the main cities there, 4 year civil war that followed the shift in communists’ favor in China ended—Chiang and remaining army proclaimed establishment of the People’s Republic of China
· Social and economic reform programs won majority of peasantry—Mao made peasants the key in his drive for power as well as land reforms, access to education and improved health care
· Mao and soldiers had a better chance of surviving than the Nationalist foot soldiers, commander Lin Biao and Mao proved to be more gifted than the corrupt and inept Nationalist generals
· Communists convinced the Chinese people that the leaders and the program could improve lives
The Communists Come to Power
Main Idea: Chinese intervened militarily in conflict between North and South Korea that was significant in forcing the US to settle for a stalemate and division of the peninsula.
· Organization rooted in the party cades and People’s Liberation Army—continuing importance of the army was indicated by the fact that most of China was administered by military officials for five years after the communists came to power
· Communists moved quickly to assert China’s traditional preeminence in east and much of southeast Asia
· Chinese intervened militarily in conflict between North and South Korea that was significant in forcing the US to settle for a stalemate and division of the peninsula
· Close collaboration between he Soviet Union and China marked the early years of Mao’s rule
· Border disputes focusing on territories the Russians seized during period of Qing decline and the Chinese refusal to play second to Russia were the main causes of the split
Planning for Economic Growth and Social Injustice
Main Idea: Communist leaders turned away from peasantry.
· New china leaders- first priority to complete social revolution—landlord class were dispossessed and purged, village tribunals gave tenants and laborers a chance to get even for decades of oppression
· Communist planners saw quick industrialization, not peasant farmers
· Communist leaders turned away from peasantry
· State planning and centralization were stressed, party bureaucrats greatly increased their power and influence, urban-based privileged class of technocrats developed
· Mao had a hostility toward elitism which he associated with discredited Confucian system, distrusted intellectuals, disliked specialization, believed peasants rather than he workers as the repository
· The Mass Line approach began with formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955, they became farming collectives that accounted for 90 percent of China’s peasant population
· 1957 Mao struck the intellectuals through miscalculation, encouraged professors and artists to speak out on their course of development under communist rule—stirred anger
The Great Leap Backward
Main Idea: Despite Mao's Great Leap Forward program, backwardness did not help the country's well-being.
· Launched the Great Leap Forward in 1958 (Mao) programs were a further effort to revitalize the revolution by restoring its mass, rural base
· Industrialization would be pushed through small projects, industrial development would be aimed at producing tractors, enormous publicity was given to efforts to produce steel
· Mao preached benefits of backwardness and wanted to rid the bureaucracy, placed self-reliance within peasant communes
· Indicators suggested the Great Leap Forward and collectivization were a step backward, famine spread and they had to import grain to feed
· Chinese added people to a massive population base and had 550 million people by the time the communist rose to power
· Environmental degradation and overcrowding, the party ideologues came around to the view that something must be done to curb the birth rate- govt launched nationwide family planning campaign to limit couples to 2 children and then shortened to 1 child per family
· Advances were lost through blunders, productivity fell by 25 percent
· Pragmatists like Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqui, Deng Ziaophing came to power to restore state direction
“Women Hold up Half of the Heavens”
Main Idea: Women were given right to choose their marriage partners without familial interference, and were required to have a regular job as well as raise the family, clean, etc.
· Jiang Qing, the wife of Mao, played a significant role- drew on a well-established revolutionary tradition due to women’s activeness in previous rebellions, revolts, and revolutions
· Attempts by Nationalists to reverse many of gains made by women in early revolution brought many women to the communist camp
· Immoral for a wife to criticize her husband
· Restore Chinese women to traditional domestic roles contrasted with communists’ extensive employment of women to advance the revolutionary cause—they were teachers, nurses, spies, truck drivers, laborers
· Some became soldiers in wars and helped contribute to the victory of the revolutionary cause
· Legal equality with men was established, women were given right to choose their marriage partners without familial interference, women were required to have a regular job as well as raise the family, clean, etc.
Mao’s Last campaign and the Fall of the Gang of Four
Main Idea:Mao’s death and Zhou Enlai’s death cleared the way for open clash between rival factions.
· Mao worked to try for another renewal for revolutionary struggle, opposed efforts of pragmatist allies to scale back the communes—his last campaign would be the Cultural Revolution
· The Red Guard student brigades ridiculed and abused Mao’s political rivals, some were killed or imprisoned
· Those not imprisoned or killed were forced to do manual labor on rural communes to make them see the hardships of China’s peasants
· Reconciliation of China and the US that was negotiated suggest that pragmatists gained the upper hand over ideologues. Deng’s growing role in policy formation was a setback for Jiang who led the Gang of Four that had increasing power on aging Mao
· Mao’s death and Zhou Enlai’s death cleared the way for open clash between rival factions, Gang of Four were arrested for trying to seize control of the government
· Pragmatists have been ascendant and leaders opened China to western influences and capitalist development
· Despite economic setbacks, political turmoil, low level of foreign assistance, communists managed truly revolutionary redistribution of the wealth of the country—China’s population is poor but better in terms of health care, education, housing, conditions, food, etc.
6. Read add take brief notes on Democratic Protest and Repression in China 848-849 – Answer the questions at the end of the document (5 points)
-calling everyone to mobilize in the emergency and adopt resolute measures to curb turmoil to restore normal order in China
-situation became turbulent, more students got involved, many institutions of higher learning have come to a standstill
-student health is deteriorating and their lives are in danger, hunger strikes
-government took measures to treat the fasting students
-students simply want reform, develop democracy and overcome corruption
-idea of the *people’s* government
1. Li Peng objects to the protest movement because law and discipline have been undermined. He also believes that the society is being corrupted.
2. Li Peng tries to persuade ordinary Chinese that the protest should cease by mentioning the starving students and their reasons for wanting democracy, as well as pointing out how the government is too tolerant of the children.
3. Arguments that resemble those many governments use against protest consist of
4. Arguments that reflect distinct Chinese traditions or communist values consist of
5. The Chinese decided to repress political democracy because they wanted to give tolerance towards the youth and children of their society and not hurt good people.
7. Complete a leadership analysis on Mao Zedong (5 points)
8. Write a thesis statement for the following questions (10 points)
· Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese politics from 1914 to the present
-While the world was establishing allies with countries from all over, China had altering governments and leaders, for example a single government that feigned sympathy for democratic aims of alliance leaders, yet persisted communism.
Group Thesis Statement--> Between 1914 and today, China experienced many changes in politics. The most important changes included
· Analyze the changes in Chinese Society from 1914 to the present
-While Chinese leaders’ first priority was to complete the social revolution in the early 1900s, industrialization and peasantry aspects altered
Comparison
Write an outline in the structure provided for the two essays below – You will receive a score based on the AP rubric. This part will be a quiz grade
10.
Comparison
Write an outline in the structure provided for the two essays below – You will receive a score based on the AP rubric. This part will be a quiz grade
9. Essay 1: Compare 20th Century political developments in China and Russia.
Thesis Statement: Although the detailed aspects of China and Russia’s communism differed, they shared the same type of government in the 20th century.
--China remained a totalitarian government while Russia transformed into a democracy
Between _ and _, --> Although _ and _ were similar in that they , there were also major/minor differences in _,_, and ___.
Topic Sentence #1: China had a focus on peasantry, while Russia had a focus on industrialization.
Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis- Stalin wanted Russia to be like the west and completely industrialize.
Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence- Mao established the Great Leap Forward to help peasants
Analysis of Direct Comparison
Despite both the Russian and Chinese shared communist values, both focused on two entirely different aspects to make their government thrive.
Topic Sentence #2: With the deaths of their key leaders in Russia and China, both could not maintain their societies.
Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis
Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence
Stalin diedà USSR deteriorated starting with their economy
Mao diedà government westernized and did not carry on with communism in their society
Analysis of Direct Comparison
Key leaders were extremely important in sustaining a country/society’s well-being. Therefore, take away the key leader, and there is chaos and confusion on where to go next.
Topic Sentence #3: While it was a breeze to Russia to gain power, Chinese communists struggled in their attempt from their citizens.
Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis
Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence
Great Leap Forward
Five Year Plan
Mao's Little Red Book and New Economic Policy
The chinese communists fought the nationalists, Long March
Russians communists- Russian government was weaker than China’s was pre communist
Analysis of Direct Comparison
China’s process of gaining power was extremely chaotic and faced many more opposition from its citizens than the Russian did.
10. Essay 2: Compare and Contrast 20th Social developments in China and Russia. Be sure to discuss the changing roles of women
Thesis Statement: While Russia and China differed in the periods when women were given more rights, both contained solid support for communism from their citizens.
Topic Sentence #1: Russia and China had support from their citizens for the communism type of government.
Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis
Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence
Mao Zedong in China continued revolutionary dedication with people who were inspired
The Russia government was able to gather support for its industrial movements
Analysis of Direct Comparison
Although they had different reasons, China and Russia had the same type of support.
Topic Sentence #2: Most nations had a hate of the west
Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis
Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence
Stalin was very anti west, he banned western style arts and sciences
Mao was also anti west, disliked them because they were capitalists
Analysis of Direct Comparison
Both nations held and intense dislike of the west, mainly for how politically and economically different it was from these two nations
Topic Sentence #3: Women and their roles played a large part in both the societies of China and Russia in the 20th century.
Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis
Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence
in China, women’s rights was one of the main points of Mao’s party, and women were granted equal rights under him, this contrasted with the Nationalist party, which wanted a return to the “traditional” roles of women
Women worked as nurses, teachers, spies, in medicine, etc. and were still expected to maintain the house by cooking, cleaning, and raising the children.
Both believed that women should have roles in society, not just in the household.
Leadership Analysis(es?)