Main Idea: Slaves and serfs burden to the economy of the American colonies. -Controlled trade with the help of a consulado which is a merchant gild. -Spanish and Portuguese merchants shaped traditions that carried over to the American colonies -Portugal moved down African coast, establishing trading posts- led to slave trade with Atlantic islands and Africa -Silver was more valuable than gold -Enforced mita was forced labor; forced it onto Indians to work on state projects
S
Main Idea: A system based on encomienda existed within the Spanish colonies. -Spain and Portuguese people were very urban
- Peasants lived in small towns and villages -Similar pattern developed in America where Europeans lived in cities and towns -Many who came to America as conquerors sought to recreate themselves as a new nobility, with native peoples as their serfs - Patriarchal family was adapted to Latin America where large estates and encomiendas (grants of American Indian laborers) provided framework for economic dominance relations -The Iberian peninsula maintained tradition of using slaves- extension of slavery in America too -Arrival of Spanish women and African slaves represented shift from area of conquest to one of settlement -Lack of women in soceities led to exploitation of women in the social structure - Indian nobles were treated as middle men
P
Main Idea: The political system of the Latin American colonies paralleled that of Spain -Christian kingdoms emerged, such as Portugal on the Atlantic coast and Aragon in eastern Spain, and in the center of the peninsula Castile (largest kingdom) -Rulers Ferdinand of Aragon and his wife Isabella of Castile created a program of unification that sought to eliminate the religious and ethnic diversity within their kingdoms-The cross triumphed the peninsula with the fall of Granada, the last Muslim kingdom, in 1492-Isabella ordered the Jews to convert or leave- 200,000 left, disrupting the economy -Political centralization of Portugal and Castile relied on a professional bureaucracy made up of men such as lawyers and judges -The crown feared limited social mobility, prevemted the heritance of encomiendas -They created administrative institutions and divided into 10 judicial divisions
I
Main Idea: There were three areas of conquest that dominated Mexico and the Americas. - The first era of conquest occurred between 1492 and 1570. It brought two continents and millions people under the European control. - The second era of conquest occurred between 1570 to about 1700. - The third era of conquest occurred during the 18th century, a period of reform and reorganization in both Spanish America and Portuguese. - In 1493 the colony on the island of Santo Domingo (Hispaniola) was established. - The New World offered many opportunities to start new ideas and forms. - Disease and conquest demolished the native peoples of the Caribbean. In 30 years or so, most of the indigenous population had died or been killed. - Expedition leaped from island to island in the Caribbean. - The conquest of the Americas was focused in two places, Mexico and South America. - In 1519, Hernán Cortés led an expedition of 600 men to the coast of Mexico. He captured and killed the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II during his conquest inland. - Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec society, was soon replaced by Mexico City. Most of central America was brought down under Spanish control as the kingdom of New Spain. - Led by Francisco Pizarro, fewer than 200 men conquered the Inca empire. - By 1540 most Peru was under Spanish control and they had developed a new major city, Lima, at the old Inca capital Cuzco. - Francisco Vázquez de Coronado led one of the most famous expeditions in southwestern United States in search for mythical cities of gold. - Pedro de Valdivia conquered the Araucanians of central Chile and established the major city of Santiago in 1541. - By 1570, there were 192 Spanish cities and towns throughout the Americas.
R
Main Idea: Christianity was the dominant religion and those weren't practicing the religion were forced to convert or leave. - Isabella of Castile ordered that Jews must convert to Christianity or they have to leave the country. Nearly 200,000 Jews left, affecting their economy severely. - The church was being represented by missionaries such as the Dominicans. - By 1530, a cathedral was being built on Hispaniola.
I
Main Idea: Many did not know if the conquests were justified which led to revolt, new literature, and questioning. - A university in Hispaniola was being built shortly after the cathedral in 1530. - The Spanish conquests stirred a series of important philosophical and moral questions for Europeans, such as: ~ Who were the Indians? ~ Were they fully human? ~ Was it proper to convert them to Christianity? - In 1548 Juan Gines de Sépulveda’s book stated that the conquests were fully justified.
T
Main Idea: The conquistadors were more prepared for battle with their weapons than the Native Americans. - Horses, firearms, and steel weapons gave the Spanish a great advantage over the stone technology of the native peoples.
The 18th Century Reforms
Main Idea: Amigos del pais met in small clubs and associations in Spain to discuss reforms, while in Portugal, foreign influences and ideas created a group full of progressive thinkers and bureaucrats for new ideas in economy, education, and philosophy.
18th century was a period of intellectual ferment in Spain and Portugal
amigos del pais, or friends of the country, met in cities to discuss and plan reform ideas
reforms meant for material benefits and improvements, not political changes
expansion of population and economy in Europe as well as demands for American products gave the American colonies a new importance
The Shifting Balance of Politics and Trade
Main Idea: Several aspects led to the breaking point of Spain until a new king, Philip of Anjou, took the throne, yet problems still existed. The War of the Spanish Succession occured and eventually Spain's commercial monopoly crumpled.
Spain's colonial system and hold on the Indies died out by 18th century
Spain was threatened by France and England and Holland, whose Portestantism made them natural rivals of Catholic Spain
Since the 16th century, French, Dutch, and English ships raided the Spanish empire- islands fell to them, like Jamaica in 1654 for example-> islands became slave and plantation colonies like i n Brazil
failure of Spanish mercantile and political system
Spanish king Charles II died without an heir- last blow for Spain as Europeans all seeked the throne (Philip of Anjou got the throne)
War of the Spanish Succession ensued and the Treaty of Utrecht was a recognition of the Bourbon family in order for commercial concessions to be allowed---Spain's monopoly was broken by contraband trade and legal means
The Bourbon Reforms
Main Idea: The restructuring of government and economy led tot he revival of the Spanish empire, while removing the Creoles from government and opening a commerce contributed to dissatisfaction from the elite.
Bourbon dynasty in Spain was vigorous- launced series of reforms to strengthen the state and economy called "enlightened despotism"
Charles III and other Spanish Bourbon monarchs were moved by economic nationalism and desire for a centralized government to achieve a revived Spain
the Jesuit order was a target that would be punished because they opposed the government's measures- expelled in 1767
French bureaucratic models were introduced; tax system tight, navy and ships reformed, new ports open for trade
West Indies- viceroyalties created in New Granada and Rio de la Plata to provide better administration and defense to the growing populations of those regions
Jose de Galvez became a minister of the Indies and chief architect of reform
new officies; Creoles eliminated; corregidores removed from Indian villages replaced by new system of governers---improved tax collection and made government more effective, but the reforms disrupted the influence and power patterns
forms in America linked to defence and military matters-- combitionation of missions and frontier outposts sent to New Spain and regular Spanish troops as well led by local Creoles
government took role in economy- state monopolies established for itsems such as tobacco and gunpowder
commerce of the Caribbean expanded under the liberal trading regulations- Cuba became plantation and slave colony, exported sugar, coffee, tobacco
major centers of the Spanish Empire experienced rapid gorwth- mining inspectors and exports and techniques and new veins allowed production expansion
***restructuring of government and economy revived Spanish empire. removal of Creaoles form the govt and creation of a militia with Creaole officer corps, opening of a commerce contributed to a growing sense of dissatisfaction among the elite
Pombal and Brazil
Main Idea:
Bourbon reforms were paralleled in the Portuguese world during the adminstration of the Marquis of Pombal- prime minister, hoped to use same techniques
He wanted to break England's hold on the Portuguese economy, especially on the flow of Brazilian gold from Portugal to England
-Controlled trade with the help of a consulado which is a merchant gild.
-Spanish and Portuguese merchants shaped traditions that carried over to the American colonies
-Portugal moved down African coast, establishing trading posts- led to slave trade with Atlantic islands and Africa
-Silver was more valuable than gold
-Enforced mita was forced labor; forced it onto Indians to work on state projects
-Spain and Portuguese people were very urban
- Peasants lived in small towns and villages
-Similar pattern developed in America where Europeans lived in cities and towns
-Many who came to America as conquerors sought to recreate themselves as a new nobility, with native peoples as their serfs
- Patriarchal family was adapted to Latin America where large estates and encomiendas (grants of American Indian laborers) provided framework for economic dominance relations
-The Iberian peninsula maintained tradition of using slaves- extension of slavery in America too -Arrival of Spanish women and African slaves represented shift from area of conquest to one of settlement
-Lack of women in soceities led to exploitation of women in the social structure
- Indian nobles were treated as middle men
-Christian kingdoms emerged, such as Portugal on the Atlantic coast and Aragon in eastern Spain, and in the center of the peninsula Castile (largest kingdom)
-Rulers Ferdinand of Aragon and his wife Isabella of Castile created a program of unification that sought to eliminate the religious and ethnic diversity within their kingdoms-The cross triumphed the peninsula with the fall of Granada, the last Muslim kingdom, in 1492-Isabella ordered the Jews to convert or leave- 200,000 left, disrupting the economy -Political centralization of Portugal and Castile relied on a professional bureaucracy made up of men such as lawyers and judges
-The crown feared limited social mobility, prevemted the heritance of encomiendas
-They created administrative institutions and divided into 10 judicial divisions
- The first era of conquest occurred between 1492 and 1570. It brought two continents and millions people under the European control.
- The second era of conquest occurred between 1570 to about 1700.
- The third era of conquest occurred during the 18th century, a period of reform and reorganization in both Spanish America and Portuguese.
- In 1493 the colony on the island of Santo Domingo (Hispaniola) was established.
- The New World offered many opportunities to start new ideas and forms.
- Disease and conquest demolished the native peoples of the Caribbean. In 30 years or so, most of the indigenous population had died or been killed.
- Expedition leaped from island to island in the Caribbean.
- The conquest of the Americas was focused in two places, Mexico and South America.
- In 1519, Hernán Cortés led an expedition of 600 men to the coast of Mexico. He captured and killed the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II during his conquest inland.
- Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec society, was soon replaced by Mexico City. Most of central America was brought down under Spanish control as the kingdom of New Spain.
- Led by Francisco Pizarro, fewer than 200 men conquered the Inca empire.
- By 1540 most Peru was under Spanish control and they had developed a new major city, Lima, at the old Inca capital Cuzco.
- Francisco Vázquez de Coronado led one of the most famous expeditions in southwestern United States in search for mythical cities of gold.
- Pedro de Valdivia conquered the Araucanians of central Chile and established the major city of Santiago in 1541.
- By 1570, there were 192 Spanish cities and towns throughout the Americas.
- Isabella of Castile ordered that Jews must convert to Christianity or they have to leave the country. Nearly 200,000 Jews left, affecting their economy severely.
- The church was being represented by missionaries such as the Dominicans.
- By 1530, a cathedral was being built on Hispaniola.
- A university in Hispaniola was being built shortly after the cathedral in 1530.
- The Spanish conquests stirred a series of important philosophical and moral questions for Europeans, such as:
~ Who were the Indians?
~ Were they fully human?
~ Was it proper to convert them to Christianity?
- In 1548 Juan Gines de Sépulveda’s book stated that the conquests were fully justified.
- Horses, firearms, and steel weapons gave the Spanish a great advantage over the stone technology of the native peoples.
The 18th Century Reforms
Main Idea: Amigos del pais met in small clubs and associations in Spain to discuss reforms, while in Portugal, foreign influences and ideas created a group full of progressive thinkers and bureaucrats for new ideas in economy, education, and philosophy.
- 18th century was a period of intellectual ferment in Spain and Portugal
- amigos del pais, or friends of the country, met in cities to discuss and plan reform ideas
- reforms meant for material benefits and improvements, not political changes
- expansion of population and economy in Europe as well as demands for American products gave the American colonies a new importance
The Shifting Balance of Politics and TradeMain Idea: Several aspects led to the breaking point of Spain until a new king, Philip of Anjou, took the throne, yet problems still existed. The War of the Spanish Succession occured and eventually Spain's commercial monopoly crumpled.
- Spain's colonial system and hold on the Indies died out by 18th century
- foreign wars, increasing debt, declining population, and internal revolts weakened Spain
- Spain was threatened by France and England and Holland, whose Portestantism made them natural rivals of Catholic Spain
- Since the 16th century, French, Dutch, and English ships raided the Spanish empire- islands fell to them, like Jamaica in 1654 for example-> islands became slave and plantation colonies like i n Brazil
- failure of Spanish mercantile and political system
- Spanish king Charles II died without an heir- last blow for Spain as Europeans all seeked the throne (Philip of Anjou got the throne)
- War of the Spanish Succession ensued and the Treaty of Utrecht was a recognition of the Bourbon family in order for commercial concessions to be allowed---Spain's monopoly was broken by contraband trade and legal means
The Bourbon ReformsMain Idea: The restructuring of government and economy led tot he revival of the Spanish empire, while removing the Creoles from government and opening a commerce contributed to dissatisfaction from the elite.
- Bourbon dynasty in Spain was vigorous- launced series of reforms to strengthen the state and economy called "enlightened despotism"
- Charles III and other Spanish Bourbon monarchs were moved by economic nationalism and desire for a centralized government to achieve a revived Spain
- the Jesuit order was a target that would be punished because they opposed the government's measures- expelled in 1767
- French bureaucratic models were introduced; tax system tight, navy and ships reformed, new ports open for trade
- West Indies- viceroyalties created in New Granada and Rio de la Plata to provide better administration and defense to the growing populations of those regions
- Jose de Galvez became a minister of the Indies and chief architect of reform
- new officies; Creoles eliminated; corregidores removed from Indian villages replaced by new system of governers---improved tax collection and made government more effective, but the reforms disrupted the influence and power patterns
- forms in America linked to defence and military matters-- combitionation of missions and frontier outposts sent to New Spain and regular Spanish troops as well led by local Creoles
- government took role in economy- state monopolies established for itsems such as tobacco and gunpowder
- commerce of the Caribbean expanded under the liberal trading regulations- Cuba became plantation and slave colony, exported sugar, coffee, tobacco
- major centers of the Spanish Empire experienced rapid gorwth- mining inspectors and exports and techniques and new veins allowed production expansion
- ***restructuring of government and economy revived Spanish empire. removal of Creaoles form the govt and creation of a militia with Creaole officer corps, opening of a commerce contributed to a growing sense of dissatisfaction among the elite
Pombal and BrazilMain Idea: