I believe this area is the Middle East because I know that countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan, etc. are located in the Middle East. I know this is the location because it is the middle of three major continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Notes pages 661-666 Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East Main Idea: There was a great emergence of nationlism in Egypt that led them to precede European conquest and domination; newpapers made by educated Egyptians were made to expose others mistakes, such as Britains', and the corruption of the khedival regime.
Egypt- emergence of nationalism preceded European conquest and domination
Risings touched by the mutiny of Ahmad Orabi & other Egyptian officers led to British occupatation in 1882- aimed at liberation of the people from their alien Turkish overlords and meddling Europeans
British occupatation meant double colonization for the Egyptian people by Turkish khedives and British advisors
government policy = dominated by strong willed Lord Cromer--pushed for economic reforms that reduced debts
Cromer oversaw sweeping reforms in bureaucracy and constructuction of irrigation systems and public works projects
foreign merchants, Turco-Egyptian politial elite, and small bourgeoisie in Cairo were beneficiaries
British relied on local estate owning notables
the ayan received benefits of new irrigation works and railways, orientation
of Egyptian agriculture to prodocution of raw cotton for export market
the ayan amassed large estates by turning smallholder owners into landless tenants and laborers--(wealth grew) landlords estate houses and vallages of peasants became more pronounced
well-heeled landed classes spent time in Cairo
resistance to occupation was left to middle class- cause of Egyptian independence was taken up by sons of the effendi (business families made up of new middle class)
newspapers in Arabic exposed mistakes of the British and corruption of the khedival regime--attacked British for arrogance and monopolization, made up by educated Egyptians
British repression put down student riots against high British officials
fail of nationalism-hostility felt by Egyptian masses was demonstrated by Dinshawai incident
^^^confrontation exemplified arrogance(racial) displayed by Europeans
villages raised pigeons to feed the peasants
British hunting pigeons in the Nile accidentally shot a wife of a prayer leader--a mob hunted them and British hung four of them
British reprisals aroused protest in the Egyptian press--emergence of ayan support for nationalist cause--suggested building mass base for anti-British agitation
1913-British intimidated by rising Egyptian nationalism to grant a constitution and representation in a parliament elected by men of wealth and influence
War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East Main Idea: Nationalist ambitions and movements caused the strength for war in the Middle East.
resistance to European colonial domination spread to the Middle East
Turks sided with Central Powers and shared their defeat
Ottoman Empire dissappeared from history, France and Britain carved up Arab portions
Italy and Greece attacked Turkish rump of em pire around Constantinople and in Anatolia with intent of sparking partition of areas--but Mustafa Kemal or Ataturk emerged for the Turkish officer corps--drove back Greek armies
1923 Turkish republic was established but costed lives of Greeks
Ataturk launched program of reforms--government were modeled on Western precedents (new Latin alphabet), womens suffrage, criticism of the veil
Arab nationalists in Beirut and Baghdad turned to face new threat presented by victorius Entente powers, France, and Britain
French and British forces occupied Middle East
Hussein, sherif of Mecca, used promises to convince Arabs to rise support of Britain's war against Turks
allie's postwar violation angered Arabs--European powers faced resistance from Arabs in the mandates in Syria, IRaq, and Lebanon under the Leage of Nations
British appeared to promise Palestine to Jewish Zionists and Arabs during war greatly complicated an already confuse dsituation
Lord Balfour promised prominent Zionist leaders in 1917 that his government would promote establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine after war---Balfour Declartion, fed existing Zionist aspirations for Jewis people
Early moves were made towards Jews of Eastern Europe--pogroms, violent assaults on Jewish communities of RUssia and ROmania, convinced JEwish intellectuals like Leon Pinsker that assimilation of the Jews into CHristian European nations was impossible
founded ZIonist organizations like the Scoiety for the COlonization of Isreal to promote Jewish migration to Palestine in the last decades of the 19th century
Zionist efforts was opposed by Jews in Germancy and France, European areas
Theodor Herzl, Austrian journalist, was stunned by French mobs words 'death to to the jews' as they taunted army officer Alfred Dreygus--falsey accused of passing miliatry secrets tot he Gerans
After that incident, Herzl and other European Jews joined leaders to form World ZIonist Organization--central aim was to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine until a point was reached when a ZIonist state could be established in the area
Herzl's nationalist ambitions were captured "a land without people for a people without a land"Arab support for Entente powers against Turks was guarentteing them indepence after the war
Rising Arab opposition convinced British officials to curtail the rather open ended pledges that were made to the Zionists--shit turned to Zionist mistrust of British policies and open resistance to them
British attempts to limit Jewish emigration and settlement weren't matched by efforts to encourage through education and consultation--emergence of strong leadership among Arab population of Palestine
critical struggles and diplomatic maneuvers, Arabs of Palestine were not ablet os peak for themselves-represented by leaders from other alnds who did not always understand their needs and desires--they acted in the interests of Syrian and Lebanese Arabs rather than those of Christian and Muslim Arab
Revolt in Egypt, 1919 Main Idea: A mass discontent in Egypt caused the nationalist elite to be powerful enough that a hearing at Versailles took place, where the Allies were trying to reach a postwar settlement.
Egypt was declared a protectorate in 1914-anticolonial struggle in Egypt was rooted in earlier agitation and toll the war took on the people, like peasants
martial law was declared after hostilities;large contingents of Entente and empire forces were garrisoned in Egypt = drain on scarce food suplly, forced labor, inflation, starvation
Egypt wanted to revolt--mass discontent made the resolve of the educated natioinalist elite strong enough to demand a hearing at Versailles, where the Allies were trying to reach a postwar settlement
When a delegation of Egyptian leaders were denied to permission to go to France to put the case for Egyptian self-determination to the peacemakers at Versailles, they resigned from the government
emergence of the Wafd party under its leader Sa'd Zaghlul provided nationalists with focus for unified action and mass base
independence for Egyptians succeeded in 1922 (British reserved tirhgt to reoccupy Egypt should it be threated by foreign aggressor)
Egyptian leaders of Wafd party hardly relieved the misery of the people--focuse don building their own wealth instead
bankruptcy occured of 30 years of nationalist political dominance--70% of Egypt's cultivable land was owned by six percent of the population
727-729 Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question Main Idea: The Middle Eastern states that had gained independence between the world wars, such as Egypt, Iraq, and Syria, fought for claim and control over Palestine.
Middle Eastern states, like Egypt, Iraq, and Syria, had gained independence between the world wars
1970s- governemnts were strong enough to break free from Western dominance of the oil fields
Egypt's 1952 revolt and independence movements in north Africa gained ground
Arab peoples were not free by WW2 end, but were liberated by the 1960s
Hitler's genocide against the Jews was support for the Zionists' insistence that the Jews must have their own homeland
Hitler's men viciously murdred the Jews, the tide of Jewish immigration to Palestine rose--increasing British restrictions on the entry of the Jews into the colony
Muslim revolt swept Palestine 1936-1939 --> decimated leardhip of the Palestinian Arab community and strengthened the British resolve to stem flow of Jewish immigrants to Palestine
Zionist assault resistance to the British presence in Palestine led by the Haganah
end of WW2--> major parties claiming Palestine were locked; Zionists were determined to establish a Jewish region; Palestinian Arabs were determined to transform Palestine into a multireligious nation ; British wanted to run away because they were being attacked from both sides
1937 report of British commission of inquiry supplied a solution of partition
United Nations (newly established) provided an international body that would give a semblance of legality to the proceedings--in 1948 they approved partition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish countries
798 - 801 Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions Main Idea: After a military coup in 1952, dictatorships emerged in Egypt, consisting of leaders such as Nasser, who used his powers to uplift Egypt with reforms.
armed forces have been divided by religious and ethnic rivalries that have been disuptive in new nations
the military posesses the monopoly of force that is essential for restoring order in conditions of political breakdown--makes soldiers more ready and less concerned with destructive consequences
most military leaders have been anticommunist--attracted covert technical and financial assistance from Western governments
banned civilian political parties and imposed military regimes of repression
^worst= Uganda under Myanmar, and Congo--quashed civil liberties while making little attempt to reduce social inequities or improve living standards. imprisoning, torturing, eliminating political dissidents
Gamal Abdul Nasser took power in Egypt in 1952--he was radical in his approaches to economic and social reform, revolultionary forces emerged
Free Officers Movement- evolved from secret organization from Egypt, foundeed by the Revolutionary Command Council, allied with the Muslim Brotherhood, revolutionary alternative to the khedival regime
brotherhood was founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928, combined interest in scientific subjects with active inolvement in demonstrations to support Wafd demands--he developed contempt for the wealthy minority
al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood to remedy these injustices and drive away Egypt's foreign opppresors
organization was involved in promoting trade, building medical clinics, educating women, pushing for land reform
mass anger with a discredited khedival and parliamentary regime gave the offciers their chance to take control in 1952- revolution start
monarchy ended. Egyptians ruled themselves for the first time since the 6th century
Nasser and his officiers used the powers they won in the coup to force programs to help Egypt--intervened in all aspects of Egyptian life. land reform, state financed education through the college lavel was available, the government became the main employer, subsidies were used to lower price of basic food, industrial growth occured
Nasser embarked on an interventionist policy that stressed the struggle to destroy the Israeli state, forge Aab unity and foment socialist revolutions
1956- he rallied international opinion to oust the British and their French allies from the Suez Canal zone
Some of Nasser's initiatives were misfired- land reform effotrs frustrated by bureaucratic corruption
Aswan Dam project was ruined
Six-Day War with Israel in 1967 as well as the gap between aspirations and means was increased in Nasser's reign of power
Anwar Sadat, Nasser's successor, dimantled the state apparatus that was created
Sadat ended the confrontation with Isreal, expelled Russians and opened Egypt to aid from the US and western Europe
Sadats successor, Hosni Mubarak, could not move to capitalism or pro-West positions either
Muslim fundamentalist movements- assinated Sadat, sustained terrorist campaigns aimed at ovevrthrowing Mubarak regime
802-803
Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West
Main Idea: Despite new revolutions, there was discontent with the Western influences adopted in Iran, which caused for them to return to their Islamic traditions.
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini started challanges- supporters for motivation were extracted from religious purity ideals and religion integrated into politics
Mahdi and Khomeini promised to rescue Islamics from imperialist Westerners-- they watned to rid the Western-backed governments
Khomeini gained ultimate power-- modernization gained support and was established in Iran, as well as colonized
the shah attempted to unisolate the coutnry of Iran by using its oil natural resources--however Mohammed Mosaddeq gained power in 1953
the new shah angered ayatollahs and mullahs because of his strong desire for Western influences and neglect towards what the Islams were looking to worship instead
ultimately, they restored their old Islamic traditions-- Saddam Hussein tried to take advantage of their turmoil
I believe this area is the Middle East because I know that countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan, etc. are located in the Middle East. I know this is the location because it is the middle of three major continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Notes pages 661-666
Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East
Main Idea: There was a great emergence of nationlism in Egypt that led them to precede European conquest and domination; newpapers made by educated Egyptians were made to expose others mistakes, such as Britains', and the corruption of the khedival regime.
- Egypt- emergence of nationalism preceded European conquest and domination
- Risings touched by the mutiny of Ahmad Orabi & other Egyptian officers led to British occupatation in 1882- aimed at liberation of the people from their alien Turkish overlords and meddling Europeans
- British occupatation meant double colonization for the Egyptian people by Turkish khedives and British advisors
- government policy = dominated by strong willed Lord Cromer--pushed for economic reforms that reduced debts
- Cromer oversaw sweeping reforms in bureaucracy and constructuction of irrigation systems and public works projects
- foreign merchants, Turco-Egyptian politial elite, and small bourgeoisie in Cairo were beneficiaries
- British relied on local estate owning notables
- the ayan received benefits of new irrigation works and railways, orientation
- of Egyptian agriculture to prodocution of raw cotton for export market
- the ayan amassed large estates by turning smallholder owners into landless tenants and laborers--(wealth grew) landlords estate houses and vallages of peasants became more pronounced
- well-heeled landed classes spent time in Cairo
- resistance to occupation was left to middle class- cause of Egyptian independence was taken up by sons of the effendi (business families made up of new middle class)
- newspapers in Arabic exposed mistakes of the British and corruption of the khedival regime--attacked British for arrogance and monopolization, made up by educated Egyptians
- British repression put down student riots against high British officials
- fail of nationalism-hostility felt by Egyptian masses was demonstrated by Dinshawai incident
- ^^^confrontation exemplified arrogance(racial) displayed by Europeans
- villages raised pigeons to feed the peasants
- British hunting pigeons in the Nile accidentally shot a wife of a prayer leader--a mob hunted them and British hung four of them
- British reprisals aroused protest in the Egyptian press--emergence of ayan support for nationalist cause--suggested building mass base for anti-British agitation
- 1913-British intimidated by rising Egyptian nationalism to grant a constitution and representation in a parliament elected by men of wealth and influence
War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle EastMain Idea: Nationalist ambitions and movements caused the strength for war in the Middle East.
- resistance to European colonial domination spread to the Middle East
- Turks sided with Central Powers and shared their defeat
- Ottoman Empire dissappeared from history, France and Britain carved up Arab portions
- Italy and Greece attacked Turkish rump of em pire around Constantinople and in Anatolia with intent of sparking partition of areas--but Mustafa Kemal or Ataturk emerged for the Turkish officer corps--drove back Greek armies
- 1923 Turkish republic was established but costed lives of Greeks
- Ataturk launched program of reforms--government were modeled on Western precedents (new Latin alphabet), womens suffrage, criticism of the veil
- Arab nationalists in Beirut and Baghdad turned to face new threat presented by victorius Entente powers, France, and Britain
- French and British forces occupied Middle East
- Hussein, sherif of Mecca, used promises to convince Arabs to rise support of Britain's war against Turks
- allie's postwar violation angered Arabs--European powers faced resistance from Arabs in the mandates in Syria, IRaq, and Lebanon under the Leage of Nations
- British appeared to promise Palestine to Jewish Zionists and Arabs during war greatly complicated an already confuse dsituation
- Lord Balfour promised prominent Zionist leaders in 1917 that his government would promote establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine after war---Balfour Declartion, fed existing Zionist aspirations for Jewis people
- Early moves were made towards Jews of Eastern Europe--pogroms, violent assaults on Jewish communities of RUssia and ROmania, convinced JEwish intellectuals like Leon Pinsker that assimilation of the Jews into CHristian European nations was impossible
- founded ZIonist organizations like the Scoiety for the COlonization of Isreal to promote Jewish migration to Palestine in the last decades of the 19th century
- Zionist efforts was opposed by Jews in Germancy and France, European areas
- Theodor Herzl, Austrian journalist, was stunned by French mobs words 'death to to the jews' as they taunted army officer Alfred Dreygus--falsey accused of passing miliatry secrets tot he Gerans
- After that incident, Herzl and other European Jews joined leaders to form World ZIonist Organization--central aim was to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine until a point was reached when a ZIonist state could be established in the area
- Herzl's nationalist ambitions were captured "a land without people for a people without a land"Arab support for Entente powers against Turks was guarentteing them indepence after the war
- Rising Arab opposition convinced British officials to curtail the rather open ended pledges that were made to the Zionists--shit turned to Zionist mistrust of British policies and open resistance to them
- British attempts to limit Jewish emigration and settlement weren't matched by efforts to encourage through education and consultation--emergence of strong leadership among Arab population of Palestine
- critical struggles and diplomatic maneuvers, Arabs of Palestine were not ablet os peak for themselves-represented by leaders from other alnds who did not always understand their needs and desires--they acted in the interests of Syrian and Lebanese Arabs rather than those of Christian and Muslim Arab
Revolt in Egypt, 1919Main Idea: A mass discontent in Egypt caused the nationalist elite to be powerful enough that a hearing at Versailles took place, where the Allies were trying to reach a postwar settlement.
- Egypt was declared a protectorate in 1914-anticolonial struggle in Egypt was rooted in earlier agitation and toll the war took on the people, like peasants
- martial law was declared after hostilities;large contingents of Entente and empire forces were garrisoned in Egypt = drain on scarce food suplly, forced labor, inflation, starvation
- Egypt wanted to revolt--mass discontent made the resolve of the educated natioinalist elite strong enough to demand a hearing at Versailles, where the Allies were trying to reach a postwar settlement
- When a delegation of Egyptian leaders were denied to permission to go to France to put the case for Egyptian self-determination to the peacemakers at Versailles, they resigned from the government
- emergence of the Wafd party under its leader Sa'd Zaghlul provided nationalists with focus for unified action and mass base
- independence for Egyptians succeeded in 1922 (British reserved tirhgt to reoccupy Egypt should it be threated by foreign aggressor)
- Egyptian leaders of Wafd party hardly relieved the misery of the people--focuse don building their own wealth instead
- bankruptcy occured of 30 years of nationalist political dominance--70% of Egypt's cultivable land was owned by six percent of the population
727-729Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question
Main Idea: The Middle Eastern states that had gained independence between the world wars, such as Egypt, Iraq, and Syria, fought for claim and control over Palestine.
798 - 801
Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions
Main Idea: After a military coup in 1952, dictatorships emerged in Egypt, consisting of leaders such as Nasser, who used his powers to uplift Egypt with reforms.
802-803
Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West
Main Idea: Despite new revolutions, there was discontent with the Western influences adopted in Iran, which caused for them to return to their Islamic traditions.
-Indian, Egyptian and Iranian --> 3 Direct Comparisons + Analysis
1) Land reforms --> distributing land amongst the peasants
- peasnts = treated unfairly, landlords = too much land, restrictions
- WEALTH control. peasants = more people, more support
2) India used Western influences --> Egyptians shrugged off Western influences
3)