The Qing Empire
As you read 604 to 611 take outline notes on the Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire. Be sure to include Main Ideas for each subtopic and to highlight key terms.
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China
Main Idea:
Manchu nomands conquest of China was led by a leader named Nurhaci (1559-1626) after hr combined cavalry of each tribe into fighting units within either banner armies
Nurhaci's forces harassed the Chinese-- the Manchu elite's adoption of Chinese ways accelerated
^^Manchu bureucracy was organized along Chinese lines, Chinese court ceremonies were adopted, and Chinese scholar-officials founded employment
Weakness of the Ming dynasty gave the Manchus and oppurtunity to seize China--1644 a Ming official called the Manchus to put down a rebellion; the Manchus advanced on the Ming capital at Beijing and captured them
Armies forced submission to the west and got tribute from kingdoms like Vietnam and Burma
Manchu rulers retained Ming political system, but set their own boundaries: wanted scholar-officials to continue, pardoned those who were resistant to their conquest
Manchus retained examination system as well
early Manchu rulers were generous patrons of the Chinese arts. Kangzi, Confucian scholar
Economy a nd Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule
Main Idea:
Manchu's wanted to preserve the Chinese political system as well as the society as a whole
Writings of Zhu Xi domintated thinking, values and acceptance were emphasized in education and imperial edicts
The Extended family remained in the core of the social system
Women- remained confined to the household
Dominance of elder men was upheld by families and the state-- they could choose their brides in lower social statuses. Males outnumbered females
The world belonged to men, women however worked in the fields and sold produce. Women desired to marry strong backing from he father and brother and to be a chosein wife as opposed to a concubine
Manchus alleviated the rural distress and unrest--taxes and state labor demands were lowered, a bunch of the imperial budget was given to reparing dikes, canals, roadways, and irrigation works, new crops for market
Landlord classes added to their estates by calling in laons to peasants or buying them out, gap b/w the rural gentry and ordinary peasants and laborers increased
Commercial and urban expansion gained sterngth in peaceful China
state and mercantile classes profited from silver in payment for its exports of tea, porcelain and sailk textiles
profits from oversea trade gave the new group of rich merchants called the compradors, who specifalized in import-export trade
Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration
Main Idea:
Qing was in decline by the 18th century; bureaucratic foundations were decomposing,
the exam system was corrupted by cheating and favoritism,
sons of high officials were ensured a place in the bureaucracy,
anyone with enough money could bu a post for sons or brothers,
scholars could be paid to take exams for others who weren't educated,
examiners were bribed to approve weak credentials
in 1711 students that failed the exams in Yangzhou held a public demonstration to protest bribes- wealthy saw positions in the bureaucracy as a means of influencing local officials and judges and enhancing family fortunes
diversion of revenure from state projecs to enrich families caused devastation in the society, for ex: funds needed to maintain the armies & fleets that were defending the huge empire
when great public works were neglected, like the Huanghe (Yellow River) disaster striked down
Shandong peninsula-- neglected dikes had broken down the area and flooded farmland, millions of peasants wer left without livestoke
food shortages and landlord demands prompted mass migrations
vagabond bands clogged roads, beggars suffocated the city streets
the belief that China's future could be predicted from the patterns of its past ignored that there weren't precedents for changes caused by Manchu rule
Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After
Main Idea:
Manchu rulers and Chinese administrators treated Europeans like nomads and people they viewed as barbarians
although European nation-states like Great Britain were smaller in population, scientific and industrial revolutions allowed them to compensate for their smaller numbers with better organization and superior technology--> critical in wars in mid 19th century
British merchatns exported silks, poreclains, tea from the Chinese empire and found there was nothing in the way of goods that Chinese were willing to take in exchange for the products--> British were forced to trade growing amounts of silver bullion
British merchants hit on a solution in the form of opium in eastern India
annual averages of 4500 chests of opium were sold to merchants
1839, the Opium War occured where 40,000 chests were imported by the Chinese
opium traffic was a threat to their economy and social order. it reversed--silver flew in large quantites out of the country
1% China were addicted to the drug by 1838
serious efforts went underway in 1820s when they drove dealers from Canton to islands
emperor sent Lin Zecu with orders to use available to stamp out the trade-- bloakced gthe trade, searched warehouses, and destroyed all opium
actions by Lin angered European merchants--war broke out in 1839, Qing emperor was forced to sue for peace
European powers forced China to open trade after Opium War
Hong Kong was established as an additional center of British commerce
90 ports by 1890s were established for trade
treaty of 1842 made nor reference to poim, the drug poured unchecked into China, no protective tariffs sets on markets
A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms
Main Idea:
China's defeat in the Opium War led to a crisis-- growing commercial encroachments of the West led to rebellion in south China, such as the Taiping Rebellion led by the prophet Hong Ziuquan
Hong's talented military had an army that included regiments of Hakka women--they won victories against Qing forces, established a capital at Nanjing by 1853
Nanjing and other cities in their Taiping control, internal conflict existed
None of their utopian measures provided better lives for their followers
Ban on smoking and Hong's variations on Christian teachings alientated the Europeans
Taiping movement caused the most serious alternative- offered programs for social reform, land redistribution, and liberation of women. They smashed ancestral tablets and shrines, developed a script and mass literacy
Taiping attack on scholar-gentry caused their ultimate defeat
Zeng Guofan and other officials raised military forces to fend of the Taiping assault on northern ChinaZeng and allies carried out reforms to root out corruption in the bureaucracy
China's self-strengthening movement aimed at countering the challenge from the West encouraged investment in railways and facotires as well as modernized armies-- bloody suppression resulted, Hong died before his capital was retaken
manchu rulers resisted the reforms in hope of saving the regime and Chinese civilization
last decades of the dynasty were dominated by the empress Cizi-- in 1898 she crushed the most serious move toward reform; she defied Westernizers by rechanneling funds raised for warships
Members of Qing households backed popular outbursts to expel foreigners from China, like the Boxer Rebellion- put down through intervention of the imperialist powers in 1901--failure led to more ctronol over China's internal affairs by Europeans
The Fall of the Qing: The End of a Civilization?
Main Idea:
by the 20th century, Manchu ruling days were numbered; resistance to Qing became centered in rival secret societies like the Triads and the Society of Elders and Brothers-- inspired numberous local uprisings against the dynasty, all failed however due to lac of coordination and resources
sons of some scholar gentry by 19th century were heavily involved in secret society operations and other activities aimed at overthrowing the regime--wanted to rid the Manchus
wanted a Western-educated, reformist leader to build a strong nation state in China that mimicked patterns in the West
Sun Yat-sen, emered as an articulate advocates, seized power out of desperate need for social programs for better living
revolutionaries from the rising middle classes were hostile to involvement of imperialist powers in Chinese affairs
Liek Taipings, young rebels cut off their queues (braided ponytails) after they were ordered to and joined in uprisings
opposition to the government's reliance on the Western powers for railway loans led to uprisings, student demonstrations and mutinies
February 1912, Puyi, last emperor of China, established a republican government in China
established a mix of philosophies and values that were known as the Confucian system, and was ruled by a cultivated and educated scholar-gentry elite
CCOT Essay Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese relations with foreign nations from 1450-1914.
Changes
Continuities
· New merchants – compradors · Morals and values – opium drug addiction advanced, examination system was corrupted (cheating and favoritism) · Monarchy to republican government ·
· Manchu nomads controlled · Social system statuses remained the same ·
As you read 604 to 611 take outline notes on the Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire. Be sure to include Main Ideas for each subtopic and to highlight key terms.
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China
Main Idea:
- Manchu nomands conquest of China was led by a leader named Nurhaci (1559-1626) after hr combined cavalry of each tribe into fighting units within either banner armies
- Nurhaci's forces harassed the Chinese-- the Manchu elite's adoption of Chinese ways accelerated
- ^^Manchu bureucracy was organized along Chinese lines, Chinese court ceremonies were adopted, and Chinese scholar-officials founded employment
- Weakness of the Ming dynasty gave the Manchus and oppurtunity to seize China--1644 a Ming official called the Manchus to put down a rebellion; the Manchus advanced on the Ming capital at Beijing and captured them
- Armies forced submission to the west and got tribute from kingdoms like Vietnam and Burma
- Manchu rulers retained Ming political system, but set their own boundaries: wanted scholar-officials to continue, pardoned those who were resistant to their conquest
- Manchus retained examination system as well
- early Manchu rulers were generous patrons of the Chinese arts. Kangzi, Confucian scholar
Economy a nd Society in the Early Centuries of Qing RuleMain Idea:
- Manchu's wanted to preserve the Chinese political system as well as the society as a whole
- Writings of Zhu Xi domintated thinking, values and acceptance were emphasized in education and imperial edicts
- The Extended family remained in the core of the social system
- Women- remained confined to the household
- Dominance of elder men was upheld by families and the state-- they could choose their brides in lower social statuses. Males outnumbered females
- The world belonged to men, women however worked in the fields and sold produce. Women desired to marry strong backing from he father and brother and to be a chosein wife as opposed to a concubine
- Manchus alleviated the rural distress and unrest--taxes and state labor demands were lowered, a bunch of the imperial budget was given to reparing dikes, canals, roadways, and irrigation works, new crops for market
- Landlord classes added to their estates by calling in laons to peasants or buying them out, gap b/w the rural gentry and ordinary peasants and laborers increased
- Commercial and urban expansion gained sterngth in peaceful China
- state and mercantile classes profited from silver in payment for its exports of tea, porcelain and sailk textiles
- profits from oversea trade gave the new group of rich merchants called the compradors, who specifalized in import-export trade
Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social DisintegrationMain Idea:
- Qing was in decline by the 18th century; bureaucratic foundations were decomposing,
- the exam system was corrupted by cheating and favoritism,
- sons of high officials were ensured a place in the bureaucracy,
- anyone with enough money could bu a post for sons or brothers,
- scholars could be paid to take exams for others who weren't educated,
- examiners were bribed to approve weak credentials
- in 1711 students that failed the exams in Yangzhou held a public demonstration to protest bribes- wealthy saw positions in the bureaucracy as a means of influencing local officials and judges and enhancing family fortunes
- diversion of revenure from state projecs to enrich families caused devastation in the society, for ex: funds needed to maintain the armies & fleets that were defending the huge empire
- when great public works were neglected, like the Huanghe (Yellow River) disaster striked down
- Shandong peninsula-- neglected dikes had broken down the area and flooded farmland, millions of peasants wer left without livestoke
- food shortages and landlord demands prompted mass migrations
- vagabond bands clogged roads, beggars suffocated the city streets
- the belief that China's future could be predicted from the patterns of its past ignored that there weren't precedents for changes caused by Manchu rule
Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and AfterMain Idea:
- Manchu rulers and Chinese administrators treated Europeans like nomads and people they viewed as barbarians
- although European nation-states like Great Britain were smaller in population, scientific and industrial revolutions allowed them to compensate for their smaller numbers with better organization and superior technology--> critical in wars in mid 19th century
- British merchatns exported silks, poreclains, tea from the Chinese empire and found there was nothing in the way of goods that Chinese were willing to take in exchange for the products--> British were forced to trade growing amounts of silver bullion
- British merchants hit on a solution in the form of opium in eastern India
- annual averages of 4500 chests of opium were sold to merchants
- 1839, the Opium War occured where 40,000 chests were imported by the Chinese
- opium traffic was a threat to their economy and social order. it reversed--silver flew in large quantites out of the country
- 1% China were addicted to the drug by 1838
- serious efforts went underway in 1820s when they drove dealers from Canton to islands
- emperor sent Lin Zecu with orders to use available to stamp out the trade-- bloakced gthe trade, searched warehouses, and destroyed all opium
- actions by Lin angered European merchants--war broke out in 1839, Qing emperor was forced to sue for peace
- European powers forced China to open trade after Opium War
- Hong Kong was established as an additional center of British commerce
- 90 ports by 1890s were established for trade
- treaty of 1842 made nor reference to poim, the drug poured unchecked into China, no protective tariffs sets on markets
A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed ReformsMain Idea:
- China's defeat in the Opium War led to a crisis-- growing commercial encroachments of the West led to rebellion in south China, such as the Taiping Rebellion led by the prophet Hong Ziuquan
- Hong's talented military had an army that included regiments of Hakka women--they won victories against Qing forces, established a capital at Nanjing by 1853
- Nanjing and other cities in their Taiping control, internal conflict existed
- None of their utopian measures provided better lives for their followers
- Ban on smoking and Hong's variations on Christian teachings alientated the Europeans
- Taiping movement caused the most serious alternative- offered programs for social reform, land redistribution, and liberation of women. They smashed ancestral tablets and shrines, developed a script and mass literacy
- Taiping attack on scholar-gentry caused their ultimate defeat
- Zeng Guofan and other officials raised military forces to fend of the Taiping assault on northern ChinaZeng and allies carried out reforms to root out corruption in the bureaucracy
- China's self-strengthening movement aimed at countering the challenge from the West encouraged investment in railways and facotires as well as modernized armies-- bloody suppression resulted, Hong died before his capital was retaken
- manchu rulers resisted the reforms in hope of saving the regime and Chinese civilization
- last decades of the dynasty were dominated by the empress Cizi-- in 1898 she crushed the most serious move toward reform; she defied Westernizers by rechanneling funds raised for warships
- Members of Qing households backed popular outbursts to expel foreigners from China, like the Boxer Rebellion- put down through intervention of the imperialist powers in 1901--failure led to more ctronol over China's internal affairs by Europeans
The Fall of the Qing: The End of a Civilization?Main Idea:
- by the 20th century, Manchu ruling days were numbered; resistance to Qing became centered in rival secret societies like the Triads and the Society of Elders and Brothers-- inspired numberous local uprisings against the dynasty, all failed however due to lac of coordination and resources
- sons of some scholar gentry by 19th century were heavily involved in secret society operations and other activities aimed at overthrowing the regime--wanted to rid the Manchus
- wanted a Western-educated, reformist leader to build a strong nation state in China that mimicked patterns in the West
- Sun Yat-sen, emered as an articulate advocates, seized power out of desperate need for social programs for better living
- revolutionaries from the rising middle classes were hostile to involvement of imperialist powers in Chinese affairs
- Liek Taipings, young rebels cut off their queues (braided ponytails) after they were ordered to and joined in uprisings
- opposition to the government's reliance on the Western powers for railway loans led to uprisings, student demonstrations and mutinies
- February 1912, Puyi, last emperor of China, established a republican government in China
- established a mix of philosophies and values that were known as the Confucian system, and was ruled by a cultivated and educated scholar-gentry elite
CCOT EssayAnalyze the changes and continuities in Chinese relations with foreign nations from 1450-1914.
· Morals and values – opium drug addiction advanced, examination system was corrupted (cheating and favoritism)
· Monarchy to republican government
·
· Social system statuses remained the same
·