Read pages 390-398
1. Describe the effects of Mongol occupation on Russian civilization
In Russian civilization, Mongols lowered the literacy rates among the priesthood. Economically, Russia was affected because their trade was decreased, manufacturing limited, and thus forced them to rely on agriculture and peasants for their work. Mongol dress styles and intellectuals were adopted by the Russians as well.
2. Trace Russian expansion under the Ivans.
Central Asia was the focus of the Ivans conquest. First territorial expansions were set in place by the Ivans in order to push the Mongols back as far as they could. Cossacks, or peasants, were recruited and sent into battle. They used the skills they developed by farming and put them to use for battle skills. They eventally conquered the Caspian Sea, Siberia, and the Urals. New trading routes developed.
Complete a leadership analysis of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great
Leadership Analysis of Peter the Great:
Name of Leader: Peter the Great
Lifespan: 1672 - 1724
Title: Tsar
Country/region: Russia
Years in Power: 1689 - 1725
Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power -
Old Orthodox religion state controlled the church - Old believers were dissident religious conservatives-exiled to Siberia or to southern Russia
- maintained their religion and extended Russia' colonizing activities
- Alexis Romanov had abolished the assemblies of the nobles and gained new powers over the Russian church.
Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
- desire for allies for a crusade against Turkish power in Europe.
- desired for parts of the western culture integrated into Russia's own culture.
Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
- He copied Western military organization, created specially trained soldiers to defeat local militias.
- Peter extended an earlier policy to recruit bureaucrats that who weren't aristocrats before
^gave them high ranking titles as a reward.
- secret police force to spy on the bureaucracy.
- Attacked the Ottoman Empire
- Moved capital to St. Petersburg
- Improved weaponry
- Created the first Russian Navy
- revised the tax system
Short-Term effects:
- Women gained more freedom, allowed to attend public events.
- enhanced state power
-changed cultural aspects
-supplemented bureucratic trading
-providing more education
Long-Term Effects
- Peter's Chancery of Secret Police
- foreign policy
- Expanded Russian territory
- formed scientific institutions
Leadership Analysis on Catherine the Great
Name of Leader: Catherine the Great
Lifespan: 1729 - 1796
Title: Empress
Country/region: Russia
Years in Power
Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
- several decades of weak rule of ineffective emperors and empresses.
- Russian territorial expansion continued.
- Catherine's husband took throne
^ he had special needs so his wife took the throne
Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
- Supported westernization
- wanted a central government
Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
- Gave powers to nobles over serfs
- Built classical styles of the West in the capital
- Won territories from the Ottoman Empire
- Increased Russian interference on the Polish affairs
Short-Term effects:
- worse punishments for serfs
-new officials were accepted into higher ranks
- brought Enlightenment into Russia
- gave them more power over the serfs
Long-Term Effects
- strong central government
- independence
- New elements of western culture into their own
- balance between local politicals and economic interests of powerful nobility
List similarities and differences between Russian expansion and earlier European expansion.
Similarities:
various rulers expanded- big influences
trade expanded
desire to learn about other countries
led by emperors
sponsorship of female leaders
cossacks with conquistadors
Differences:
central asia was the focus to Russians
recruited peasants to fight
adopted foregin cultures as their own
foreginers were welcomed
russia = state empowerment (reaction to nomadic incursions)
western europe = spread religion ->commercial
russia = land based, moved west
western europe = sea based, moved east
demographic impact -> bringing diseases to other countries
Compare the extent of Westernization under Peter and Catherine:
Peter added an interest in changing aspects of Russian economy and culture by mocking Western forms. He was eager to move into the Western diplomatic and cultural orbit. He seeked Western allies for a crusade against Turkish power in Europe and visited Western manufacturing centers. He went as far as gaining interest in Western sciene and technology, as well as bringing Western artisans back to Russia.Peter enhanced the power of the Russian state b y using it as a reform force. He also imitated the Western military organization and a secret police to prevent dissent and to watch over the bureaucerazy. Peter concentrated mainly on political, economic, and intellectual improvements.
Catherine the Great took over when Peter the Great died in 1724, resuming his interests and shared the same goals. She used the Pugachev rebellion to extend the powers of the central government. She liked the ideas of the French Englightenment and imported several French philosophers for visits. She patronized Western-style art and architecture and continuted to build upon the new capital St. Petersburg with classical styles that were popular in the West.
Describe the effects of Westernization in Russia and assess whether the process overcame the separation of Russia and the West
- Peter the Great was all about improving the political, economic, and intellectual structures of Russia by using Westernization. He copied the Western military organization, creating a specially trained fighting force. He also set up Chancery of Secret Police to prevent dissent in Russia. He tried to streamline their bureacracy; created a defined military hierarchy and eliminated the old noble councils. He cut the Russians off from its traditions in order to enhance the state power as well. Catherine gave new powers to the nobility over serfs and mainted a trade-off that had previously been developing in Russia. She also increased harshness of punishments. Russia and the West were not distinct; instead, Russia imitated the West and their ways.
Take notes (Main Ideas and Details) on themes in Russia at this time
Serfdom
MI:
-power of nobility over the serfs increased; agriculture and serf labor increased
-serfdom system close to outright slavery; could be bought, sold, gambled, punished
-serfs on the estates of eastern Europe were taxed and policed
-illiterate and quite poor; extensive labor
Dependence
MI:
-cities more small, 95% population were rural; government growth encouraged nonnoble bureaucrats and professionals
-social & economic systems- produced revenue to support an expanding state and empire; traded in furs and other goods
- suffered from limitations- agricultural method swere tradtional and there was little motivation for improvement due to labor
Social Unrest
MI:
- economic and social system led to protest- aristorcrats criticized the regime's backwardness, aboliton of serfdom desired
-peasant rebellions occured, esp the Pugachev rebllion
-Russian peasants were politically loyal to the tsar, harbored bitter resentments to their landlords
Eastern Europe
MI:
-regions west of Europe continuted to form a borderland beteween western and eastern European influences
-present-day Poland or the Czech and Slovak regions operated within Western cultural orbiit
-nationalities lost political autonomy during the modern era
- decline of Poland was striking- huge economic and political setbacks mounted
1. Describe the effects of Mongol occupation on Russian civilization
In Russian civilization, Mongols lowered the literacy rates among the priesthood. Economically, Russia was affected because their trade was decreased, manufacturing limited, and thus forced them to rely on agriculture and peasants for their work. Mongol dress styles and intellectuals were adopted by the Russians as well.
2. Trace Russian expansion under the Ivans.
Central Asia was the focus of the Ivans conquest. First territorial expansions were set in place by the Ivans in order to push the Mongols back as far as they could. Cossacks, or peasants, were recruited and sent into battle. They used the skills they developed by farming and put them to use for battle skills. They eventally conquered the Caspian Sea, Siberia, and the Urals. New trading routes developed.
Complete a leadership analysis of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great
Leadership Analysis of Peter the Great:
-
Old Orthodox religion state controlled the church - Old believers were dissident religious conservatives-exiled to Siberia or to southern Russia
- maintained their religion and extended Russia' colonizing activities
- Alexis Romanov had abolished the assemblies of the nobles and gained new powers over the Russian church.
- desire for allies for a crusade against Turkish power in Europe.
- desired for parts of the western culture integrated into Russia's own culture.
- He copied Western military organization, created specially trained soldiers to defeat local militias.
- Peter extended an earlier policy to recruit bureaucrats that who weren't aristocrats before
^gave them high ranking titles as a reward.
- secret police force to spy on the bureaucracy.
- Attacked the Ottoman Empire
- Moved capital to St. Petersburg
- Improved weaponry
- Created the first Russian Navy
- revised the tax system
- Women gained more freedom, allowed to attend public events.
- enhanced state power
-changed cultural aspects
-supplemented bureucratic trading
-providing more education
- Peter's Chancery of Secret Police
- foreign policy
- Expanded Russian territory
- formed scientific institutions
Leadership Analysis on Catherine the Great
- several decades of weak rule of ineffective emperors and empresses.
- Russian territorial expansion continued.
- Catherine's husband took throne
^ he had special needs so his wife took the throne
- Supported westernization
- wanted a central government
- Gave powers to nobles over serfs
- Built classical styles of the West in the capital
- Won territories from the Ottoman Empire
- Increased Russian interference on the Polish affairs
- worse punishments for serfs
-new officials were accepted into higher ranks
- brought Enlightenment into Russia
- gave them more power over the serfs
- strong central government
- independence
- New elements of western culture into their own
- balance between local politicals and economic interests of powerful nobility
List similarities and differences between Russian expansion and earlier European expansion.
Similarities:
various rulers expanded- big influences
trade expanded
desire to learn about other countries
led by emperors
sponsorship of female leaders
cossacks with conquistadors
Differences:
central asia was the focus to Russians
recruited peasants to fight
adopted foregin cultures as their own
foreginers were welcomed
russia = state empowerment (reaction to nomadic incursions)
western europe = spread religion ->commercial
russia = land based, moved west
western europe = sea based, moved east
demographic impact -> bringing diseases to other countries
Compare the extent of Westernization under Peter and Catherine:
Peter added an interest in changing aspects of Russian economy and culture by mocking Western forms. He was eager to move into the Western diplomatic and cultural orbit. He seeked Western allies for a crusade against Turkish power in Europe and visited Western manufacturing centers. He went as far as gaining interest in Western sciene and technology, as well as bringing Western artisans back to Russia.Peter enhanced the power of the Russian state b y using it as a reform force. He also imitated the Western military organization and a secret police to prevent dissent and to watch over the bureaucerazy. Peter concentrated mainly on political, economic, and intellectual improvements.
Catherine the Great took over when Peter the Great died in 1724, resuming his interests and shared the same goals. She used the Pugachev rebellion to extend the powers of the central government. She liked the ideas of the French Englightenment and imported several French philosophers for visits. She patronized Western-style art and architecture and continuted to build upon the new capital St. Petersburg with classical styles that were popular in the West.
Describe the effects of Westernization in Russia and assess whether the process overcame the separation of Russia and the West
- Peter the Great was all about improving the political, economic, and intellectual structures of Russia by using Westernization. He copied the Western military organization, creating a specially trained fighting force. He also set up Chancery of Secret Police to prevent dissent in Russia. He tried to streamline their bureacracy; created a defined military hierarchy and eliminated the old noble councils. He cut the Russians off from its traditions in order to enhance the state power as well. Catherine gave new powers to the nobility over serfs and mainted a trade-off that had previously been developing in Russia. She also increased harshness of punishments. Russia and the West were not distinct; instead, Russia imitated the West and their ways.
Take notes (Main Ideas and Details) on themes in Russia at this time
Serfdom
MI:
-power of nobility over the serfs increased; agriculture and serf labor increased
-serfdom system close to outright slavery; could be bought, sold, gambled, punished
-serfs on the estates of eastern Europe were taxed and policed
-illiterate and quite poor; extensive labor
Dependence
MI:
-cities more small, 95% population were rural; government growth encouraged nonnoble bureaucrats and professionals
-social & economic systems- produced revenue to support an expanding state and empire; traded in furs and other goods
- suffered from limitations- agricultural method swere tradtional and there was little motivation for improvement due to labor
Social Unrest
MI:
- economic and social system led to protest- aristorcrats criticized the regime's backwardness, aboliton of serfdom desired
-peasant rebellions occured, esp the Pugachev rebllion
-Russian peasants were politically loyal to the tsar, harbored bitter resentments to their landlords
Eastern Europe
MI:
-regions west of Europe continuted to form a borderland beteween western and eastern European influences
-present-day Poland or the Czech and Slovak regions operated within Western cultural orbiit
-nationalities lost political autonomy during the modern era
- decline of Poland was striking- huge economic and political setbacks mounted