2. Read p. 673- 678 - and 690 - 695 Outline notes 673-678 The Roaring Twenties Bouncing Back? Main Idea: The world settled in a postwar state which brought new advances and changes in all aspects of society.
postwar challenges to western Europeans were immense, including mass deaths, injuries, blows to morale, property damage, economic dislocation, inflation
buoyant attitude resumed-new democratic republic in Germany made good steps
atistic creativity--cubist movement led by Pablo Picasso, rendered shapes
writers and composers challenged traditions--modern architecture and furnishing
science-Albert Einstein's theories in physics & atomic structure/genetics
Radio and other items were invented
Middle class women gained participation in culture--nightclubs, smoking, dance crazes in US and Latin America
New culture disrupted tradionalists-agricultural and coal mining didnot recover, British economy remained sluggish, Western Europe didn't regain export markets, political extremism, new communist parties
Other Industrial Centers Main Idea: Industrial centers from the U.S. to Europe advanced drastically, with changes in production, work systems, factories, and overall cultural aspects.
Canada, Austrailia, and New Zealand were rewarded for being loyal in WW1- Australia gained pride in military, independence of the Dominions
US economic and cultural intiatives advanced--economy thrived with expanded corporations, organized work systems
Henry Ford introduced assembly line for automobile production in 1913, other industrial psychologists studied how to increase output
US increased cutural exports--Jazz, Hollywood, etc.
U.S. Senate rjected the Versailles treaty, did not enter Leage of Nations--purused isolationist policy, fear of communism
Japan= industrialization with agricultural output through use of fertilizers and mechanical equipment, augumented industrial sector in shipbuilding,etc., depended on exports to the West for its earnings to support rapid population growth
military leaders resented political controls
New Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fascism Main Idea: Although fascism linked back into the 19th century, hostility to the politial system in Italy sparked its revival, in order to achieve a nationalist foreign policy.
hostility to liberal and democratic political systems emerged in western Europe--1919, former socialist and soldier Benito Mussolini formed the fascio di combattimento "union for struggle" in Italy
Italian fascists advocated a sorporate state that would replace capitalism and socialism with national unity--need for aggressive foreign policy, wanted to seize power by any means and build a strong state
violently attacked rival political groups
Fascism had roos in groups disenchanted with liberal, parliamentary systems and social conflict
nationalists in Italy postwar, resented the little territory they gained in WW1, felt abandoned by civilian society
growing political divisions and threat from working class left, Italian king called Mussolni for a new govt--eliminated opposition, seeked state directions of economy
The New Nations of East Central Europe Main Idea: New nations in Europe got too caught up in nationalist excitement at independence and neglected or could not change difficulties in their societies.
Authoritarian regimes took root in Europe-- new nations in the region began w/ Western style parliaments
New natioins, Baltic states to Yugoslavia, were consumed by nationalist excitement at independence, but lingered intense grievances about territories they hadn't claimed
bitter rivalries between eastern European states--authoritarianism arrived through a dictator (poland) or by a monarch's power (Yugoslavia)
political pattern resulted from underlying social tensions
countries remained agricultural, dependent on sales, hit hard by collapse of prices and the Depression
peasant land hunger and problems of poverty and illteracy were not addressed
A Balance Sheet Main Idea: While countries in Europe and Western societies benefitted from social, cultural, and industrial changes, they faced underlying problems in politics and economy.
changes in Europe and Western societies, as well as Japan, had many complexities
democratic and paliamentary political forms took root in Germany, Canada, and Japan
industrial and social change and creativity in culture, sciences and the arts were established
however, challenges to democracy arose in parts of Europe, Japanese politics less stable
economic foundations of the major industrial powers were on the verge of collapsing
pages 690-695 The Global Depression Causation Main Idea: Due to wartime needs, production in foods skyrocketed, which in turn resulted in poor earnings and employment across Europe.
structural problems affected industrial societies during 1920s--farmers faced overproduction, low prices. food production soared due to wartime needs--had to borrow equipment, debts hard to repay
economies in France and Germany recovered by 1925, fears massive poster inflation generated limited the cpacity of governments to respond to other problems. loans from US sustained demand for goods
most dependent areas in the world economy, colonies and noncolonies, suffered- tendencies toward overproduction developed which sent agricultural goods to western Europe
European governments and businesses organized their African colonies for exploitation, set up large estates
colonies and dependant economies were unable to buy many industrial exports-- weakened demand for Western products when output tended to rise between US and Japanese competition
food exporting regions fell into depression--earnings and employment
governments of leading industrial nations provided leadership during crisis- knowledge of economics was feeble with Western group
protectionism, practiced by tradionoally free-trade Great Britan, reduced market opportunities and made a bad situation worse- collapse when pemployment declined in 1920s
The Debacle Main Idea: The Great Depression that began in October of 1929 in the US caused for falling production, employment, and earnings; economies from the US to the West to Japan plummeted sharply.
Depression started in October 29 when a NY stock market collapsed--values tumbled, banks that were dependent on stock investments failed and rapidly echoed the financial crisis
European credit structure depended on US loans, which fueled industrial expansions
In Europe and the US commercial enterprises existed on the basis not of real production power but speculation
key bank failures in Austria and Germany followed the US crisis
investments dried up = bankrupt
industrial production fell, dropped by 1/3, falling employment and lower wages = economic hardship
the Depression fed on itself and grew worse from 1929 to 1933
it was not entirely unexpected; previous periods triggered bank failures and economic hardships--unprepared for the disaster
Depression reached into countless lives, loss of earnings, work affected all people at all social levels--suicides even raised
vagrants camps and beggers- one third of blue collar workers in the West lost jobs, same for white collar
graduating students couldn't find work--everyone was unemployed
in some cases, women of the the family found small part time jobs better than the men could
renewed recession aroudn 1937
Depression worsened a weak economic picture overall, earnings continued to drop
Japense silk industry suffered from advent of articficial silklike fibeers produced by Westerns--exports plummeted
Responses to the Depression in Western Europe Main Idea: In Western Europe, the Depression caused for parliamentary systems to be too divided to take positive action or it was completely overturned.
in the West,national tariffs were raised to keep out goods of other countries--in turn worsented iternational economy
govts tried to cut spending, their measures reduced economic stimulus and pushed workers o ut of jobs
Depression heightened political polarization, communist parties gained support
Depression led to one of two effects-parliamentary system that became incapacitated and too divided to take action, or overturning of the parliamentary system
France (effect #1) reacted slowly-voters responded with political extremes
in response liberal, socialist and communist parties formed the Popular Front in 1936 to win the election, but unable to take social reforms measures
Scandinavian states increased goernment spending, providing new levels of insurance against illness and unemployment
world's first TV industry in southern England was too small to break throught the Depression
The New Deal Main Idea: The New Deal, presented in 1933 by US president Franklin Roosevelt, was designed to financially aid struggling Americans and restore stability in the political system.
US generated new responses- policies seeking higher tariffs and cut spending, accelerate war debt repayments from Europe
NewDealpolicies offered direct aid to Americans- unemployed people were givern jobs on public works projects, crucial innovation was Social Security system
New Deal tok economic stimulus, new regulations on banks
rapid government browth, followed by expansion of military operations in WW2
New Deal restored confidence of Americans with their political system
The Authoritarian Response The Rise of Nazism Main Idea: When totalitarian leader Adolf Hitler came into power in Germany, control over activities of people were monitored and his hatred for the Jews led to his attempt to completely eliminate their population.
Germany- impact of Depression = fascist regime
product of the war- former veterans acted as advocates, attacked weak parliamentary democracy and corruption and class conflict in capitalism
proposed strong state ruled byy a powerful leader
attacks on trade unions, socialist & communist parties pleased landlords and businesses
fascism won control in Italy- but the advent of the National Socialist or Nazi regime in Germany under Adolf Hitler made it a major force
Hitler repeated standard dascist arguments to gain votes- promised many groups return to tradional ways, they were attracted to him and his ideas/plans
represented a hope for action against the Depression
Hitler set the totaliterian state- exercised massive direct control over all activities of the people, eliminated oppositon parties
govt economic planning restored production levels, centered his regime on propaganda, nationalist, atttack on Jewish minority
Hitler blamed Jews for misfortunes, socialism, capitalism-- anti-Semitism emerged
Jews forced to wear special emblems, property attacked, concentration camps, Hitler tried to completely eliminate the Jewish population = Holocaust
Hitler provoked weak responses from western democracies
The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War Main Idea: Fascism seeped into other parts of Europe such as Hungary and Romania, and eventually over to Spain, where it caused division and a civil war in the country.
Nazi triump spurred fascism in Europe- Hungary and Romania
Hitler's advent pushed authoritarian regime-- Benito Mussolini promised Italy the same foreign policy and glories as Hitler did
Mussolini attacked Ehtipoia, League of Nations condemned the action, Italians won their new colony thoguh
Spanish Civil War was caused when fascism spread into Spain
Republic forces gained support from peasants and workers
Bitter fighting consumed Spain for three years
Economic and Political Changes in Latin America Main Idea: In Latin America, ideas of reform and social change emerged, as well as the emergence of socialist and communist parties.
limitations of liberalism were apparent in Latin America
liberalism was not expression of strength of middle class but a series of ideas suited to the realities of Latin America
artists and intellectuals turned to Latin America's own populations for values and solutions
ideas of reofrm and social change emerged, Cordoba, Argentina, students of their univery ssystem gave more autonomy and students more power
socialist and communist parties were formed or grew strength in Latin American nations
read and notes on pages 709-721 focusing on topics you aren't too familiar with--- handwritten, will be typed
4. Read chapter 31p.732 - 750
What were the major effects of decolonization post WWII on Europe? - Colonies became restive. When the British returned from their travels, they were introduced to what became a hostile climate, well-organized natioinalist resistance established. Colonies could only be maintained with a great cost. Decolonizatoin was smooth, without prolonged fighting. Governments retained cultural relatioins with formoer colonies. Europe's power in the world was reduced.
How did the Cold War divide Europe? What were the implications of this division?- By the war's end, the Soviet troops occupied most European countries and installed communist regimes. An eastern bloc emerged in Romanina, Poland, hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria. Baltic states disappeared. Soviet occupatation of eastern Germany zone gave Russia a base closer to the heart of Europe.
Why did European governments move towards Liberal Democracies?- New regimes had to be constructed in parts of Europe after Nazi descruction. Europeans moved towards liberal democracies because the fascist and communist governments proved ineffective during WW2.
What was the welfare state? Why did they develop? what were the issues? The welfare state was a nation in which the government helped their citizens to have good healthcare, economics, housing, etc. It was a shift towards democracy.
Trace growing diplomatic relationships within Europe- Six western European nations (West Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) set up theEuropean Unionto help to establish economic unity. In addition, so was the Common Market to oversee fights among the six nations, and to enforce the laws. Germany and France often had disputes.
Outline economic development in Europe- Europe adapted new technology and seeds for improving agriculture. Factories were putting out weapons, textiles, and metallurgical products for sale. Non-immigrants could get jobs and have higher standards of living and more spending money. Immigrant workers, however, had a blow in their wages and the stability of their employment.
Outline the post war development of the non-European West (Excluding the United States)- Canada also began to establish a welfare plan for their nation and took measures to limit U.S. intervention. They signed a free-trade agreement pact with the United States. Australia and New Zealand moved away from Great Britain and joined a mutual defense pact with the United States. Australia came to be the main supply system for Japan's chief raw-materials.
Explain the growing role of the United States in world affairs- The US = world's leading defender of democratic and capitalistic values; Truman promised support for free peoples who were under communist forces, offered economic support. Using airplanes, they helped Berlin survive their barricade from the Soviet and in addition aided their assistance to South Korea against the communist North Korea. The U.S. ended up in the Vietnam war when trying to prevent Cuba from turning communist.
Trace developments for women in the post war West- In the post war West, women could take on more jobs in the factory or clerical jobs. They received suffrage rights and were granted higher education. More women started to look for pleasure in the form of sexual activities to cause a stir. Women had the right to divorce from their husbands, so the divorce rate increased. A new feminist movement defined men and women.
Outline cultural developments in Europe.- Europe made advancements in genetic knowledge due to their knowledge on DNA and the human genome project. new and innovative art styles were welcomed and social history was popular for Europeans. d th�� gt@�krce from their husbands, so the divorce rate increased. A new feminist movement defined men and women.
2. Read p. 673- 678 - and 690 - 695 Outline notes
673-678
The Roaring Twenties
Bouncing Back?
Main Idea: The world settled in a postwar state which brought new advances and changes in all aspects of society.
- postwar challenges to western Europeans were immense, including mass deaths, injuries, blows to morale, property damage, economic dislocation, inflation
- buoyant attitude resumed-new democratic republic in Germany made good steps
- atistic creativity--cubist movement led by Pablo Picasso, rendered shapes
- writers and composers challenged traditions--modern architecture and furnishing
- science-Albert Einstein's theories in physics & atomic structure/genetics
- Radio and other items were invented
- Middle class women gained participation in culture--nightclubs, smoking, dance crazes in US and Latin America
- New culture disrupted tradionalists-agricultural and coal mining didnot recover, British economy remained sluggish, Western Europe didn't regain export markets, political extremism, new communist parties
Other Industrial CentersMain Idea: Industrial centers from the U.S. to Europe advanced drastically, with changes in production, work systems, factories, and overall cultural aspects.
- Canada, Austrailia, and New Zealand were rewarded for being loyal in WW1- Australia gained pride in military, independence of the Dominions
- US economic and cultural intiatives advanced--economy thrived with expanded corporations, organized work systems
- Henry Ford introduced assembly line for automobile production in 1913, other industrial psychologists studied how to increase output
- US increased cutural exports--Jazz, Hollywood, etc.
- U.S. Senate rjected the Versailles treaty, did not enter Leage of Nations--purused isolationist policy, fear of communism
- Japan= industrialization with agricultural output through use of fertilizers and mechanical equipment, augumented industrial sector in shipbuilding,etc., depended on exports to the West for its earnings to support rapid population growth
- military leaders resented political controls
New Authoritarianism: The Rise of FascismMain Idea: Although fascism linked back into the 19th century, hostility to the politial system in Italy sparked its revival, in order to achieve a nationalist foreign policy.
- hostility to liberal and democratic political systems emerged in western Europe--1919, former socialist and soldier Benito Mussolini formed the fascio di combattimento "union for struggle" in Italy
- Italian fascists advocated a sorporate state that would replace capitalism and socialism with national unity--need for aggressive foreign policy, wanted to seize power by any means and build a strong state
- violently attacked rival political groups
- Fascism had roos in groups disenchanted with liberal, parliamentary systems and social conflict
- nationalists in Italy postwar, resented the little territory they gained in WW1, felt abandoned by civilian society
- growing political divisions and threat from working class left, Italian king called Mussolni for a new govt--eliminated opposition, seeked state directions of economy
The New Nations of East Central EuropeMain Idea: New nations in Europe got too caught up in nationalist excitement at independence and neglected or could not change difficulties in their societies.
- Authoritarian regimes took root in Europe-- new nations in the region began w/ Western style parliaments
- New natioins, Baltic states to Yugoslavia, were consumed by nationalist excitement at independence, but lingered intense grievances about territories they hadn't claimed
- bitter rivalries between eastern European states--authoritarianism arrived through a dictator (poland) or by a monarch's power (Yugoslavia)
- political pattern resulted from underlying social tensions
- countries remained agricultural, dependent on sales, hit hard by collapse of prices and the Depression
- peasant land hunger and problems of poverty and illteracy were not addressed
A Balance SheetMain Idea: While countries in Europe and Western societies benefitted from social, cultural, and industrial changes, they faced underlying problems in politics and economy.
- changes in Europe and Western societies, as well as Japan, had many complexities
- democratic and paliamentary political forms took root in Germany, Canada, and Japan
- industrial and social change and creativity in culture, sciences and the arts were established
- however, challenges to democracy arose in parts of Europe, Japanese politics less stable
- economic foundations of the major industrial powers were on the verge of collapsing
pages 690-695The Global Depression
Causation
Main Idea: Due to wartime needs, production in foods skyrocketed, which in turn resulted in poor earnings and employment across Europe.
- structural problems affected industrial societies during 1920s--farmers faced overproduction, low prices. food production soared due to wartime needs--had to borrow equipment, debts hard to repay
- economies in France and Germany recovered by 1925, fears massive poster inflation generated limited the cpacity of governments to respond to other problems. loans from US sustained demand for goods
- most dependent areas in the world economy, colonies and noncolonies, suffered- tendencies toward overproduction developed which sent agricultural goods to western Europe
- European governments and businesses organized their African colonies for exploitation, set up large estates
- colonies and dependant economies were unable to buy many industrial exports-- weakened demand for Western products when output tended to rise between US and Japanese competition
- food exporting regions fell into depression--earnings and employment
- governments of leading industrial nations provided leadership during crisis- knowledge of economics was feeble with Western group
- protectionism, practiced by tradionoally free-trade Great Britan, reduced market opportunities and made a bad situation worse- collapse when pemployment declined in 1920s
The DebacleMain Idea: The Great Depression that began in October of 1929 in the US caused for falling production, employment, and earnings; economies from the US to the West to Japan plummeted sharply.
- Depression started in October 29 when a NY stock market collapsed--values tumbled, banks that were dependent on stock investments failed and rapidly echoed the financial crisis
- European credit structure depended on US loans, which fueled industrial expansions
- In Europe and the US commercial enterprises existed on the basis not of real production power but speculation
- key bank failures in Austria and Germany followed the US crisis
- investments dried up = bankrupt
- industrial production fell, dropped by 1/3, falling employment and lower wages = economic hardship
- the Depression fed on itself and grew worse from 1929 to 1933
- it was not entirely unexpected; previous periods triggered bank failures and economic hardships--unprepared for the disaster
- Depression reached into countless lives, loss of earnings, work affected all people at all social levels--suicides even raised
- vagrants camps and beggers- one third of blue collar workers in the West lost jobs, same for white collar
- graduating students couldn't find work--everyone was unemployed
- in some cases, women of the the family found small part time jobs better than the men could
- renewed recession aroudn 1937
- Depression worsened a weak economic picture overall, earnings continued to drop
- Japense silk industry suffered from advent of articficial silklike fibeers produced by Westerns--exports plummeted
Responses to the Depression in Western EuropeMain Idea: In Western Europe, the Depression caused for parliamentary systems to be too divided to take positive action or it was completely overturned.
- in the West,national tariffs were raised to keep out goods of other countries--in turn worsented iternational economy
- govts tried to cut spending, their measures reduced economic stimulus and pushed workers o ut of jobs
- Depression heightened political polarization, communist parties gained support
- Depression led to one of two effects-parliamentary system that became incapacitated and too divided to take action, or overturning of the parliamentary system
- France (effect #1) reacted slowly-voters responded with political extremes
- in response liberal, socialist and communist parties formed the Popular Front in 1936 to win the election, but unable to take social reforms measures
- Scandinavian states increased goernment spending, providing new levels of insurance against illness and unemployment
- world's first TV industry in southern England was too small to break throught the Depression
The New DealMain Idea: The New Deal, presented in 1933 by US president Franklin Roosevelt, was designed to financially aid struggling Americans and restore stability in the political system.
- US generated new responses- policies seeking higher tariffs and cut spending, accelerate war debt repayments from Europe
- NewDealpolicies offered direct aid to Americans- unemployed people were givern jobs on public works projects, crucial innovation was Social Security system
- New Deal tok economic stimulus, new regulations on banks
- rapid government browth, followed by expansion of military operations in WW2
- New Deal restored confidence of Americans with their political system
The Authoritarian ResponseThe Rise of Nazism
Main Idea: When totalitarian leader Adolf Hitler came into power in Germany, control over activities of people were monitored and his hatred for the Jews led to his attempt to completely eliminate their population.
- Germany- impact of Depression = fascist regime
- product of the war- former veterans acted as advocates, attacked weak parliamentary democracy and corruption and class conflict in capitalism
- proposed strong state ruled byy a powerful leader
- attacks on trade unions, socialist & communist parties pleased landlords and businesses
- fascism won control in Italy- but the advent of the National Socialist or Nazi regime in Germany under Adolf Hitler made it a major force
- Hitler repeated standard dascist arguments to gain votes- promised many groups return to tradional ways, they were attracted to him and his ideas/plans
- represented a hope for action against the Depression
- Hitler set the totaliterian state- exercised massive direct control over all activities of the people, eliminated oppositon parties
- Gestapo, secret police, arrested politial opponents
- govt economic planning restored production levels, centered his regime on propaganda, nationalist, atttack on Jewish minority
- Hitler blamed Jews for misfortunes, socialism, capitalism-- anti-Semitism emerged
- Jews forced to wear special emblems, property attacked, concentration camps, Hitler tried to completely eliminate the Jewish population = Holocaust
- Hitler provoked weak responses from western democracies
The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil WarMain Idea: Fascism seeped into other parts of Europe such as Hungary and Romania, and eventually over to Spain, where it caused division and a civil war in the country.
- Nazi triump spurred fascism in Europe- Hungary and Romania
- Hitler's advent pushed authoritarian regime-- Benito Mussolini promised Italy the same foreign policy and glories as Hitler did
- Mussolini attacked Ehtipoia, League of Nations condemned the action, Italians won their new colony thoguh
- Spanish Civil War was caused when fascism spread into Spain
- Republic forces gained support from peasants and workers
- Bitter fighting consumed Spain for three years
Economic and Political Changes in Latin AmericaMain Idea: In Latin America, ideas of reform and social change emerged, as well as the emergence of socialist and communist parties.
read and notes on pages 709-721 focusing on topics you aren't too familiar with--- handwritten, will be typed
4. Read chapter 31p.732 - 750