Christopher Columbus set sail to find India, but found the Americas instead. Many expeditions
The West's First Outreach: Maritime Power
European leaders such as merchants, princes, and clergy were awaer of the world since 1100 due to Crusades, the Mongol Empire, etc. Also due to trade
Europeans were ignorant- they believed the earth was flat, making them fearful to explore because they'd fall off the world's edge
Fear of Ottoman Empire and lack of gold to pay caused problems as the Europeans launched more effort from 1291-onward
New Techonology: A Key to Power
Europeans developed deep-draft sailing ships for the Atlantic
Used and improved the compass, map-making and other navigational devices
Knowledge of explosives as adapted into gunnery to make the Europeans ready for its push
Portugal and Spain Lead the Pack
Portugal's rulers were dran by discovery and thirst for wealth-caused them to explore
Henry the Navigator organized expeditions along African coast, brought back slaves, spices, gold
THey ventured the Cape of Good Hope to find India, but forced back until 1498 with the aid of hindu polot
Da Gama's success spurred Portugaues voyages to Indian Ocean, Spanish rached greater force- traveled into Atlantic
Christopher Columbus set sail for India but found the Americas instead
Ferdinand Magellan led expedition in 1519 claimed Philippines
Northern European Expeditions
Norther Europe took lead in ploration- France and England
They improved ocean vessels- British and Dutch and French vied for dominance on the seas
New adventurers appreciated economic potential (market= woolens, fish,etc)
Dutch won independce from Spain, Holland was a competitor with Portugal in southeast Asia
Great trading companies such as Dutch East India Company (Netherlands, Britain, and France)- given govt monopolies of trade in the regions but not supervised by own states
^Rights to raise armies and coin money
British East India Company played similar role in India during 18th century- traded in furs
Many hardships at sea- hard work, leaving families, etc.
Toward a World Economy; THe Columnbian Exchange of Disease and Food
Wider exchange**International contacts spread disease- Native Americans who lacked natural immunities were victims, more than half of population died, sometimes 80%. Whole island population in West Indies wiped out
New World crops were spread via Western merchants- American corn and sweet potatoes were taken up widely in China, the Mediterranean and frica
New local agricultural improvemnts-> larger population for example China- new crops played role when their population decreased
Animal husbandry, horses and cattle were intoduced and helpful
The West's Commercial Outreach
Muslim traders remained activite, commerce continued toward Middle EastWestern Europe dominated ocean shipping- increased profits
Spanish-directed fleet defeated Ottoman Empire navy in Lepanto in 1571
Western Europe didn't conquer inland territory in Africa or Asia, it did seek network of secure harbors
Imbalances in World Trade
European nations active competition in world trade
Spain dominated due to imports of silver from Americas
Dominant core nations were supplemented by growing economic porwess by self-serving political polities
Doctrines of mercantilism urged a nation-state not import goods from outside its empire but sell exports widely as possible in its own ships
Sugar, spices, tobacco, and cotton wre traded
A System of International Inequality
Economic relationshps were durable
Latin and America and parts of Africa were not mired in poverty (dependent areas)
Latin America and Africa not involved in market economy
Native Americans and mestizos developed large amounts of labor
The Expansionist Trend
World economy gained ground over time
South America, west Indies, North America, west Africa staked out as dependecies in 16th century
Western traders advanced in India as the Mugal Empire fell apartBritish and French East India COmpanies staked out increasing roles in internal trade and administration
India maintained complex regioinal economy with internal manufacturing and trade
Early Patterns of Colonization in the Americas and Africa
Spain and Portugal in the Americas: · Spanish colonized several West Indian islands after Columbus’s first voyage- Hispaniola then Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico · 1509 Spain settled on the mainland in search of gold in present-day Panama under adventurer Vasco de Balboa · 1531 expedition towards the Inca realm in the Andes where hard fighting came into play · Francisco Pizarro (1478-1541) was a successful adventurer yet violent- came to Americas in 1502, joined Balboa’s colony, received a cattle ranch, joined illiterate soldier and priest. Went on to capture Atahuallpa, founded Lima · Formal administration spread as agricultural settlements were established · Official colonial systems took shape under bureaucrat control sent from Spain and Portugal · Active missionary efforts (to Christianize the native peoples) were another layer of detailed administration
The British and French in North America: · English colonies received religious refugees such as the Calvinists who fled religious tensions in Britain to settle in New England · GOvt grants of land to major proprietors William Penn led to efforts to recruit settlers · First Canadian settlement was launched by the French govt under Louis XIX- set up manorial estates under great lords whose rights were restricted · French peasants could emigrate. Birth rates were high, 1755- New France had 55,000 settlers in a peasant society around Quebec · Britain attacked French strongholds in the Seven Years War, France lost its colony under the Treaty of Paris · Europeans colonized the Atlantic coastal region, native populations decreased by disease and war · Wide reading of Enlightenment materials · Spread of Western values in the Atlantic colonies (British and French settlements) were facilitated by the modest impact of Native Americans
African and Asian trading stations: · Europeans in Africa were deterred by climate, disease, and nonnavigable rivers · Portugal sent expeditions into Angola in search of slaves- these expeditions had a disruptive impact in southwestern Africa · Cape Colony planted by the Dutch on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652; intent was to form another coastal station to supply Dutch ships bound for Asia, but Dutch farmers called Boers fanned out on large farms populated by Africans, conflicted with Bantu farmers opening a large battle for control of southern Africa · British East India Company had advantage in struggle to control for India- they had a station at Calcutta where it gave access to the great wealth of the Ganges valley; enormous influence over the British govt and navy
Christopher Columbus set sail to find India, but found the Americas instead. Many expeditions
The West's First Outreach: Maritime Power
- European leaders such as merchants, princes, and clergy were awaer of the world since 1100 due to Crusades, the Mongol Empire, etc. Also due to trade
- Europeans were ignorant- they believed the earth was flat, making them fearful to explore because they'd fall off the world's edge
- Fear of Ottoman Empire and lack of gold to pay caused problems as the Europeans launched more effort from 1291-onward
New Techonology: A Key to Power- Europeans developed deep-draft sailing ships for the Atlantic
- Used and improved the compass, map-making and other navigational devices
- Knowledge of explosives as adapted into gunnery to make the Europeans ready for its push
Portugal and Spain Lead the Pack- Portugal's rulers were dran by discovery and thirst for wealth-caused them to explore
- Henry the Navigator organized expeditions along African coast, brought back slaves, spices, gold
- THey ventured the Cape of Good Hope to find India, but forced back until 1498 with the aid of hindu polot
- Da Gama's success spurred Portugaues voyages to Indian Ocean, Spanish rached greater force- traveled into Atlantic
- Christopher Columbus set sail for India but found the Americas instead
- Ferdinand Magellan led expedition in 1519 claimed Philippines
Northern European Expeditions- Norther Europe took lead in ploration- France and England
- They improved ocean vessels- British and Dutch and French vied for dominance on the seas
- New adventurers appreciated economic potential (market= woolens, fish,etc)
- Dutch won independce from Spain, Holland was a competitor with Portugal in southeast Asia
- Great trading companies such as Dutch East India Company (Netherlands, Britain, and France)- given govt monopolies of trade in the regions but not supervised by own states
- ^Rights to raise armies and coin money
- British East India Company played similar role in India during 18th century- traded in furs
- Many hardships at sea- hard work, leaving families, etc.
Toward a World Economy; THe Columnbian Exchange of Disease and Food- Wider exchange**International contacts spread disease- Native Americans who lacked natural immunities were victims, more than half of population died, sometimes 80%. Whole island population in West Indies wiped out
- New World crops were spread via Western merchants- American corn and sweet potatoes were taken up widely in China, the Mediterranean and frica
- New local agricultural improvemnts-> larger population for example China- new crops played role when their population decreased
- Animal husbandry, horses and cattle were intoduced and helpful
The West's Commercial Outreach- Muslim traders remained activite, commerce continued toward Middle EastWestern Europe dominated ocean shipping- increased profits
- Spanish-directed fleet defeated Ottoman Empire navy in Lepanto in 1571
- Western Europe didn't conquer inland territory in Africa or Asia, it did seek network of secure harbors
Imbalances in World Trade- European nations active competition in world trade
- Spain dominated due to imports of silver from Americas
- Dominant core nations were supplemented by growing economic porwess by self-serving political polities
- Doctrines of mercantilism urged a nation-state not import goods from outside its empire but sell exports widely as possible in its own ships
- Sugar, spices, tobacco, and cotton wre traded
A System of International Inequality- Economic relationshps were durable
- Latin and America and parts of Africa were not mired in poverty (dependent areas)
- Latin America and Africa not involved in market economy
- Native Americans and mestizos developed large amounts of labor
The Expansionist Trend- World economy gained ground over time
- South America, west Indies, North America, west Africa staked out as dependecies in 16th century
- Western traders advanced in India as the Mugal Empire fell apartBritish and French East India COmpanies staked out increasing roles in internal trade and administration
- India maintained complex regioinal economy with internal manufacturing and trade
Early Patterns of Colonization in the Americas and Africa· Spanish colonized several West Indian islands after Columbus’s first voyage- Hispaniola then Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico
· 1509 Spain settled on the mainland in search of gold in present-day Panama under adventurer Vasco de Balboa
· 1531 expedition towards the Inca realm in the Andes where hard fighting came into play
· Francisco Pizarro (1478-1541) was a successful adventurer yet violent- came to Americas in 1502, joined Balboa’s colony, received a cattle ranch, joined illiterate soldier and priest. Went on to capture Atahuallpa, founded Lima
· Formal administration spread as agricultural settlements were established
· Official colonial systems took shape under bureaucrat control sent from Spain and Portugal
· Active missionary efforts (to Christianize the native peoples) were another layer of detailed administration
· English colonies received religious refugees such as the Calvinists who fled religious tensions in Britain to settle in New England
· GOvt grants of land to major proprietors William Penn led to efforts to recruit settlers
· First Canadian settlement was launched by the French govt under Louis XIX- set up manorial estates under great lords whose rights were restricted
· French peasants could emigrate. Birth rates were high, 1755- New France had 55,000 settlers in a peasant society around Quebec
· Britain attacked French strongholds in the Seven Years War, France lost its colony under the Treaty of Paris
· Europeans colonized the Atlantic coastal region, native populations decreased by disease and war
· Wide reading of Enlightenment materials
· Spread of Western values in the Atlantic colonies (British and French settlements) were facilitated by the modest impact of Native Americans
· Europeans in Africa were deterred by climate, disease, and nonnavigable rivers
· Portugal sent expeditions into Angola in search of slaves- these expeditions had a disruptive impact in southwestern Africa
· Cape Colony planted by the Dutch on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652; intent was to form another coastal station to supply Dutch ships bound for Asia, but Dutch farmers called Boers fanned out on large farms populated by Africans, conflicted with Bantu farmers opening a large battle for control of southern Africa
· British East India Company had advantage in struggle to control for India- they had a station at Calcutta where it gave access to the great wealth of the Ganges valley; enormous influence over the British govt and navy